Kathmandu is the most developed city. Kathmandu has been regarded as the most polluted city in Asia. Many wonderful and beautiful places lies in Kathmandu, which is situated in the heart of Himalaya mountains, and has a rich history. Many renowned places have made Kathmandu more beautiful.
Traffic jam has been the usual feature of Kathmandu. The higher authorities in our country view it as a frail issue.Every single citizen of Kathmandu must have experienced the impact of this Traffic Jam. In the morning while leaving for our offices, college, School, we at least try to leave one hour early to compansate the loss of time spent in jams in order to reach our destination on time.
The main problem seen in Kathmandu valley is traffic jam. Mostly the city seems crowed. Mainly because of the narrow roads and unsystematic road there happens traffic jam. It is said traffic police are kept to manage the vehicles in the road. Police should obey the order given by the high rank police. But the civil people don’t know that either the high ranked police does not gives order or the police does not obey the order.
The unsystematic street shops have also played vital role in traffic jam. No systematic rules are found. Vehicles are driven anywhere they like. There are narrow roads. One way roads are found in negligible number. For the improvement of this disgusting thing government and people should be aware.
Tuesday, May 17, 2011
Garbage popllution
Garbage pollution has been a major problem of man since the creation of synthetic materials. Apprehensively, man has been trying to reduce this problem. But paradoxically, anthropogenic activities are the major factors that brought it into place.
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk) is unwanted or useless materials. Litter is waste which has been disposed of improperly.
Anything man throws ends up on the biggest landfill, the middle of the ocean. But before it reaches the ocean it traverses to the large expanse of saline water, the sea. And the sea house different organisms which make it the most diverse place on earth. Messing with it is like messing with the whole world that could turn out in imbalance.
Waste is directly linked to human development, both technologically and socially. The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials. Examples of this include plastics and nuclear technology. Some components of waste have economical value and can be recycled once correctly recovered.
Waste is sometimes a subjective concept, because items that some people discard may have value to others. It is widely recognized that waste materials are a valuable resource, whilst there is debate as to how this value is best realized. Such concepts are colloquially expressed in western culture by idioms like "One man's trash is another man's treasure."
Landfill-in most of the world, including North America, we do one of two things with our ordinary garbage: burn it or bury it. Neither one is good for us or for the environment. Burning garbage in incinerators releases dangerous gases and dust (particulate matter) which contribute to global warming and pollute lakes, forests, oceans and cities half a world away from where they originated. Most incinerators in industrialized countries now remove large quantities of particles and pollutants, thus ensuring cleaner air. But the bulk of what they remove ends up in a landfill.
Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk) is unwanted or useless materials. Litter is waste which has been disposed of improperly.
Anything man throws ends up on the biggest landfill, the middle of the ocean. But before it reaches the ocean it traverses to the large expanse of saline water, the sea. And the sea house different organisms which make it the most diverse place on earth. Messing with it is like messing with the whole world that could turn out in imbalance.
Waste is directly linked to human development, both technologically and socially. The compositions of different wastes have varied over time and location, with industrial development and innovation being directly linked to waste materials. Examples of this include plastics and nuclear technology. Some components of waste have economical value and can be recycled once correctly recovered.
Waste is sometimes a subjective concept, because items that some people discard may have value to others. It is widely recognized that waste materials are a valuable resource, whilst there is debate as to how this value is best realized. Such concepts are colloquially expressed in western culture by idioms like "One man's trash is another man's treasure."
Landfill-in most of the world, including North America, we do one of two things with our ordinary garbage: burn it or bury it. Neither one is good for us or for the environment. Burning garbage in incinerators releases dangerous gases and dust (particulate matter) which contribute to global warming and pollute lakes, forests, oceans and cities half a world away from where they originated. Most incinerators in industrialized countries now remove large quantities of particles and pollutants, thus ensuring cleaner air. But the bulk of what they remove ends up in a landfill.
Monday, May 16, 2011
community Forest
Community forestry has become a popular movement, challenging foresters to change their thinking. The message is simple: people are the key to success rather than the cause of failure.
"Community forestry has the following characteristics: the local community controls a clearly and legally defined area of forest; the local community is free from governmental and other outside pressure concerning the utilisation of that forest; if the forestry involves commercial sale of timber or other products, then the community is free from economic exploitation of markets or other pressure from outside forces; the community has long-term security of tenure over the forest and sees its future as being tied to the forest"
Forest communities are much more than just an assembly of trees. They are an extremely complex, interacting, and coordinated system. In fact you may have heard the word ecosystem. "Eco" refers to the environment, in this case a forest, and "system" refers to the numerous interacting units (e.g. trees, soil, insects, birds, and man). It is difficult to imagine a more complex designed system than a forest ecosystem.
"Successful community forestry requires... genuine popular participation in decision-making... Experience has proven time and again that participation is more than a development cliche; it is an absolute necessity if goals are to be met. But working with people rather than policing them is a new role for many foresters."
"Community forestry, social forestry and rural development forestry are more or less equivalent and reflect Abraham Lincoln's view of democracy - government of the people, by the people, for the people."
"The political dimension of community forestry makes it a venue for people's struggle against domination and exploitation of the community's resources by 'outsiders'. Ecology, equity and social justice are part of this struggle."
"Community forestry has the following characteristics: the local community controls a clearly and legally defined area of forest; the local community is free from governmental and other outside pressure concerning the utilisation of that forest; if the forestry involves commercial sale of timber or other products, then the community is free from economic exploitation of markets or other pressure from outside forces; the community has long-term security of tenure over the forest and sees its future as being tied to the forest"
Forest communities are much more than just an assembly of trees. They are an extremely complex, interacting, and coordinated system. In fact you may have heard the word ecosystem. "Eco" refers to the environment, in this case a forest, and "system" refers to the numerous interacting units (e.g. trees, soil, insects, birds, and man). It is difficult to imagine a more complex designed system than a forest ecosystem.
"Successful community forestry requires... genuine popular participation in decision-making... Experience has proven time and again that participation is more than a development cliche; it is an absolute necessity if goals are to be met. But working with people rather than policing them is a new role for many foresters."
"Community forestry, social forestry and rural development forestry are more or less equivalent and reflect Abraham Lincoln's view of democracy - government of the people, by the people, for the people."
"The political dimension of community forestry makes it a venue for people's struggle against domination and exploitation of the community's resources by 'outsiders'. Ecology, equity and social justice are part of this struggle."
How to success in life
Everyone has a different definition to what is success in life. To some, success in life would mean to have great mansions and luxurious cars to decorate the house porch and credit cards to accompany the shopping trips. Whereas others would think that success in life is when you are able to scram out of your parents’ lounging and stand on your own two feet. If you ask a 16-year-old kid what is success in life then she will say it is when she is accepted into college. Everyone has a different success pictures painted in front of them. But despite all these different views, all of this success in life can be attained y using the very same technique.
Success in life does not come easily. If you think that you are not up to the challenge, then there are possibilities that you are going to struggle with accomplish your goals.
You have to take responsibility for the realization of your goal and start to work hard towards it's achievement. The success secret of all wealthy and successful people is hidden in their work. Do you remember Thomas Edison and his 10000 unsuccessful attempts, that leads to the wonderful discovery; Henri Ford, who invented an automobile, the team of experts worked day-by-day on T8 model more than a year; and other well-known people. Nobody achieved success lying on the bed. Secret of success consists in the hard work. Work and only laborious and hard work led them to their goals. They overcame a great number of obstacles, that later helped them to make new and new wonderful inventions. And nobody was afraid to overwork. Watch the successful people, they work much more time with bigger efforts then mediocre people. They take a rest very rarely and relax much quicker and effectively. Hard work gives them strength. This is the main secret of hard work.
Though they work more, they are get tired much less. Why? Because they see their goal and live in their vision. It gives them power to work further.A man is created for a work, he become tired doing nothing and his heart gets bored of laziness. Look around. Everything is created for some purpose: cars to move fast, planes to carry people for long distance in a very short time. A man comes to Earth for some purpose as well. Look, if you close your car into a garage and forget about it for 2-3 years, this car will be in much worse condition, then an average car used day by day for 10 years. It also regards to the planes and everything else too. And man becomes bored doing nothing. He has to work and achieve his goal. Only following this way a man can find his happiness.
You should figure only on yourself, working on the achievement of your own dream. You shouldn’t rely on good fortune or on other people. Good fortune will be with you, if you act upon achieving of your dream. If you will wait your fortune, you will do it forever. The more you procrastinate, the more difficult will be for you to find your luck. Act yourselves, manage other people cleverly, and fortune will be with you. So I wish you to work hard for the achievement of your dream.
Talking about goals, you probably heard of goal setting back then in the olden days when you were just in junior high. It might seem kind of ridiculous to you to adhere to this junior high method of meeting up with you goals, but did you know that this method is recognized as one of the most effective methods to achieve success in life?
Instead of letting your goals and aims linger around your mind, set them straight and set them right, just by using the primitive tools of paper and paper. Doesn’t seem too tough to puff does it?
Success in life does not come easily. If you think that you are not up to the challenge, then there are possibilities that you are going to struggle with accomplish your goals.
You have to take responsibility for the realization of your goal and start to work hard towards it's achievement. The success secret of all wealthy and successful people is hidden in their work. Do you remember Thomas Edison and his 10000 unsuccessful attempts, that leads to the wonderful discovery; Henri Ford, who invented an automobile, the team of experts worked day-by-day on T8 model more than a year; and other well-known people. Nobody achieved success lying on the bed. Secret of success consists in the hard work. Work and only laborious and hard work led them to their goals. They overcame a great number of obstacles, that later helped them to make new and new wonderful inventions. And nobody was afraid to overwork. Watch the successful people, they work much more time with bigger efforts then mediocre people. They take a rest very rarely and relax much quicker and effectively. Hard work gives them strength. This is the main secret of hard work.
Though they work more, they are get tired much less. Why? Because they see their goal and live in their vision. It gives them power to work further.A man is created for a work, he become tired doing nothing and his heart gets bored of laziness. Look around. Everything is created for some purpose: cars to move fast, planes to carry people for long distance in a very short time. A man comes to Earth for some purpose as well. Look, if you close your car into a garage and forget about it for 2-3 years, this car will be in much worse condition, then an average car used day by day for 10 years. It also regards to the planes and everything else too. And man becomes bored doing nothing. He has to work and achieve his goal. Only following this way a man can find his happiness.
You should figure only on yourself, working on the achievement of your own dream. You shouldn’t rely on good fortune or on other people. Good fortune will be with you, if you act upon achieving of your dream. If you will wait your fortune, you will do it forever. The more you procrastinate, the more difficult will be for you to find your luck. Act yourselves, manage other people cleverly, and fortune will be with you. So I wish you to work hard for the achievement of your dream.
Talking about goals, you probably heard of goal setting back then in the olden days when you were just in junior high. It might seem kind of ridiculous to you to adhere to this junior high method of meeting up with you goals, but did you know that this method is recognized as one of the most effective methods to achieve success in life?
Instead of letting your goals and aims linger around your mind, set them straight and set them right, just by using the primitive tools of paper and paper. Doesn’t seem too tough to puff does it?
Happiness
Happiness can’t be reduced to a few agreeable sensations. Rather, it is a way of being and of experiencing the world—a profound fulfillment that suffuses every moment and endures despite inevitable setbacks.The paths we take in search of happiness often lead us to frustration and suffering instead. We try to create outer conditions that we believe will make us happy. But it is the mind itself that translates outer conditions into happiness or suffering. This is why we can be deeply unhappy even though we “have it all”—wealth, power, health, a good family, etc.—and, conversely, we can remain strong and serene in the face of hardship.
Happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources.
Happiness is a very fuzzy concept and can mean many things to many people. Part of the challenge of the science of happiness is to identify all the different uses of the word "happiness", or else to understand its various components.
Studies have found that things like money, education, or the weather do not affect happiness the way one might expect. There are various habits that have been correlated with happiness. Psychologist Martin Seligman provides the acronym PERMA to summarize many of Positive Psychology's findings; humans seem happiest when they have Pleasure (tasty foods, warm baths, etc.), Engagement (or flow, the absorption of an enjoyed yet challenging activity), Relationships (social ties have turned out to be extremely reliable indicator of happiness), Meaning (a perceived quest or belonging to something bigger), and finally Accomplishments (having realized tangible goals).
"Happiness is not the satisfaction of whatever irrational wishes you might blindly attempt to enjoy. Happiness is a state of non-contradictory joy - a joy without penalty or guilt... Happiness is possible only to a rational man, the man who desires nothing but rational goals, seeks nothing but rational values, and finds his joy in nothing but rational actions... there are no victims and no conflicts of interest among rational men, men who do not desire the unearned..."
Happiness is a mental state of well-being characterized by positive emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy. A variety of biological, psychological, religious, and philosophical approaches have striven to define happiness and identify its sources.
Happiness is a very fuzzy concept and can mean many things to many people. Part of the challenge of the science of happiness is to identify all the different uses of the word "happiness", or else to understand its various components.
Studies have found that things like money, education, or the weather do not affect happiness the way one might expect. There are various habits that have been correlated with happiness. Psychologist Martin Seligman provides the acronym PERMA to summarize many of Positive Psychology's findings; humans seem happiest when they have Pleasure (tasty foods, warm baths, etc.), Engagement (or flow, the absorption of an enjoyed yet challenging activity), Relationships (social ties have turned out to be extremely reliable indicator of happiness), Meaning (a perceived quest or belonging to something bigger), and finally Accomplishments (having realized tangible goals).
"Happiness is not the satisfaction of whatever irrational wishes you might blindly attempt to enjoy. Happiness is a state of non-contradictory joy - a joy without penalty or guilt... Happiness is possible only to a rational man, the man who desires nothing but rational goals, seeks nothing but rational values, and finds his joy in nothing but rational actions... there are no victims and no conflicts of interest among rational men, men who do not desire the unearned..."
Sunday, May 8, 2011
Technology transfer
Technology transfer, also called Transfer of Technology (TOT), is the process of skill transferring, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop and exploit the technology into new products, processes, applications, materials or services. It is closely related to (and may arguably be considered a subset of) knowledge transfer.
Technology brokers are people who discovered how to bridge the disparate worlds and apply scientific concepts or processes to new situations or circumstances.A related term, used almost synonymously, is "technology vaporization". While conceptually the practice has been utilized for many years (in ancient times, Archimedes was notable for applying science to practical problems), the present-day volume of research, combined with high-profile failures at Xerox PARC and elsewhere[citation needed], has led to a focus on the process itself.
Technology transfer is the process of transferring scientific findings from one organization to another for the purpose of further development and commercialization. The process typically includes:
* Identifying new technologies
* Protecting technologies through patents and copyrights
* Forming development and commercialization strategies such as marketing and licensing to existing private sector companies or creating new start-up companies based on the technology
technology Transfer is intended to increase the value of E So's research and development activities to society as a whole, and particularly in the ESO Member States.
It aims to enhance the process by which ideas and technologies developed by ESO, either in-house or through industrial contracts, can be applied to applications, fields or projects outside those originally anticipated.
Apart from the economic benefits, there can also be social and cultural benefits as well.
Technology brokers are people who discovered how to bridge the disparate worlds and apply scientific concepts or processes to new situations or circumstances.A related term, used almost synonymously, is "technology vaporization". While conceptually the practice has been utilized for many years (in ancient times, Archimedes was notable for applying science to practical problems), the present-day volume of research, combined with high-profile failures at Xerox PARC and elsewhere[citation needed], has led to a focus on the process itself.
Technology transfer is the process of transferring scientific findings from one organization to another for the purpose of further development and commercialization. The process typically includes:
* Identifying new technologies
* Protecting technologies through patents and copyrights
* Forming development and commercialization strategies such as marketing and licensing to existing private sector companies or creating new start-up companies based on the technology
technology Transfer is intended to increase the value of E So's research and development activities to society as a whole, and particularly in the ESO Member States.
It aims to enhance the process by which ideas and technologies developed by ESO, either in-house or through industrial contracts, can be applied to applications, fields or projects outside those originally anticipated.
Apart from the economic benefits, there can also be social and cultural benefits as well.
Travel
Tourism is travel for recreational, leisure or business purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited."Travel is movement of people between relatively distant geographical locations for any purpose and any duration, with or without any means of transport. Travel also includes relatively short stay between successive movements. Movements between locations requiring only a few minutes are not considered as travel.
The term "travel" originates from the Middle English word travail. The term also covers all the activities performed during a travel (movement).
A person who travels is called a traveler in the United States, and traveler in the United Kingdom.
Tourism is vital for many countries, such as France, Egypt, Greece, United States, Spain, Italy and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxicabs, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theaters.
Purpose of travel include recreation or tourism, research travel for the gathering of information, for holiday to visit people, volunteer travel for charity or, migration to begin life somewhere else,religious pilgrimages and mission trips, for business trade or commuting, and other reasons, such as to obtain health care or fleeing war. Travel may occur by human-powered transport such as walking or bicycling, or with vehicles, such as public transport, automobiles, trains and airplanes.
Motives to travel include relaxation, discovery and exploration, interpersonal relationships and getting to know other cultures. Travel may be local, regional, national (domestic) or international. In some countries, non-local internal travel may require an internal passport, while international travel typically requires a passport and visa. A trip may also be part of a round trip, which is a particular type of travel whereby a person moves from their usual residence to one or several locations and returns.
The term "travel" originates from the Middle English word travail. The term also covers all the activities performed during a travel (movement).
A person who travels is called a traveler in the United States, and traveler in the United Kingdom.
Tourism is vital for many countries, such as France, Egypt, Greece, United States, Spain, Italy and Thailand, and many island nations, such as The Bahamas, Fiji, Maldives, Philippines and the Seychelles, due to the large intake of money for businesses with their goods and services and the opportunity for employment in the service industries associated with tourism. These service industries include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships and taxicabs, hospitality services, such as accommodations, including hotels and resorts, and entertainment venues, such as amusement parks, casinos, shopping malls, music venues and theaters.
Purpose of travel include recreation or tourism, research travel for the gathering of information, for holiday to visit people, volunteer travel for charity or, migration to begin life somewhere else,religious pilgrimages and mission trips, for business trade or commuting, and other reasons, such as to obtain health care or fleeing war. Travel may occur by human-powered transport such as walking or bicycling, or with vehicles, such as public transport, automobiles, trains and airplanes.
Motives to travel include relaxation, discovery and exploration, interpersonal relationships and getting to know other cultures. Travel may be local, regional, national (domestic) or international. In some countries, non-local internal travel may require an internal passport, while international travel typically requires a passport and visa. A trip may also be part of a round trip, which is a particular type of travel whereby a person moves from their usual residence to one or several locations and returns.
Garbage is a problem
n most of the world, including North America, we do one of two things with our ordinary garbage: burn it or bury it. Neither one is good for us or for the environment. Burning garbage in incinerators releases dangerous gases and dust (particulate matter) which contribute to global warming and pollute lakes, forests, oceans and cities half a world away from where they originated. Most incinerators in industrialized countries now remove large quantities of particles and pollutants, thus ensuring cleaner air. But the bulk of what they remove ends up in a landfill.
This site concentrates on landfills, in part because this improvement in incinerator technology has increased the pressure on landfills, and in part because a much higher proportion of garbage in North America is sent to landfills than to incinerators.
Burying garbage also causes both air and water pollution, and simply transporting it to the sites consumes an increasing amount of valuable fossil fuels, which produces more pollution.
As a result, alternatives to the burn-or-bury option are increasingly attractive. Composting heads that list of alternatives.
The solution to the garbage problem is many-faceted. First, we need to reduce the amount of garbage: how about out-lawing non-returnable bottles? Re-usable glass bottles would provide more jobs and make a lot less garbage. We need to seriously examine the packaging issue and the planned obsolescence of appliances and electronic devices.
Source separation would allow food waste to be composted and perhaps other throw-away items to be re-used first. How about cloth napkins, returnable ceramic cups at the coffee shop and cloth rags? What about that statistic that 80% of products made are to be used once?
We need to examine all of the solutions: and we need to begin with reduction of garbage.
This site concentrates on landfills, in part because this improvement in incinerator technology has increased the pressure on landfills, and in part because a much higher proportion of garbage in North America is sent to landfills than to incinerators.
Burying garbage also causes both air and water pollution, and simply transporting it to the sites consumes an increasing amount of valuable fossil fuels, which produces more pollution.
As a result, alternatives to the burn-or-bury option are increasingly attractive. Composting heads that list of alternatives.
The solution to the garbage problem is many-faceted. First, we need to reduce the amount of garbage: how about out-lawing non-returnable bottles? Re-usable glass bottles would provide more jobs and make a lot less garbage. We need to seriously examine the packaging issue and the planned obsolescence of appliances and electronic devices.
Source separation would allow food waste to be composted and perhaps other throw-away items to be re-used first. How about cloth napkins, returnable ceramic cups at the coffee shop and cloth rags? What about that statistic that 80% of products made are to be used once?
We need to examine all of the solutions: and we need to begin with reduction of garbage.
Environment issues in nepal
Environmental issues in Nepal are numerous environmental problems.
Sedimentation and discharge of industrial effluents are prominent sources of water pollution, and the burning of wood for fuel is a significant source of indoor air pollution and respiratory problems. Vehicular and industrial emissions increasingly have contributed to air pollution in urban areas.
Deforestation and land degradation appear to affect a far greater proportion of the population and have the worst consequences for economic growth and individuals’ livelihoods. Forest loss has contributed to floods, soil erosion, and stagnant agricultural output. Estimates suggest that from 1966 to 2000 forest cover declined from 45 to 29 percent of the total land area. Often cited causes of deforestation include population growth, high fuelwood consumption, infrastructure projects, and conversion of forests into grazing- and cropland. According to government estimates, 1.5 million tons of soil nutrients are lost annually, and by 2002 approximately 5 percent of agricultural holdings had been rendered uncultivable as a result of soil erosion and flooding.
Land degradation is attributed to population growth, improper use of agro-chemicals, and overly intensive use of landholdings that are too small to provide most households with sufficient food. Since the late 1980s, government policies have attempted to address these numerous and related problems, but policies often are hampered by lack of funding, insufficient understanding of Nepal’s mountain ecosystems, bureaucratic inefficiency, and sometimes contentious relations between the central government and local communities.
Nepal has been a pivotal country for WWF ever since the organization first provided support to conserve the Greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in the late 1960s.
Today, the endangered rhino is no longer on the brink of extinction, and is in fact, the second largest population in the world. The Rhino Census of 2008 recorded 435 throughout Nepal. Nepal also has an estimated 121 adult Bengal tigers distributed in the lowland protected areas.
WWF's Priorities: people & communities
The priority of WWF's support for Nepal's conservation effort has changed with the shift in Government of Nepal's policy for biodiversity conservation.
In the early years the focus was on species conservation and research with strict law enforcement practices. There has been gradual change with the adoption of a more conciliatory approach and social mobilization for the participatory involvement of local people for conservation.
Over the years, support has been centered on integrating conservation and community development with an attempt to address the issues of livelihoods of local people living near protected areas. The aim is to win the support and stewardship of locals living in the fringe areas in wildlife conservation. Our focus has evolved to a landscape approach in conservation by building partnerships with donors, stakeholders, interest groups, and local people
Economic changes and population increases are threatening the ecology of the Himalayas. In recent year’s deforestation in the foothills and the Middle Himalayas and overgrazing on the high pastures have led to soil erosion and other environmental problems. Deforestation is a particular concern in the western Himalayas, where increased demand for firewood, extensive tree trimming in order to feed livestock, and construction of roads in the border regions have increased the destruction rate of forests and the number of landslides. Rapid population growth has accelerated pollution, and Himalayan streams that were once clear are now polluted with refuse and sewage. Hill people who use the water for drinking suffer from dysentery; cholera and typhoid epidemics are also common. Large lakes like Tilicho Lake, Dudh Koshi etc. which emerges from Himalayas have also become polluted. Regional variations in environmental degradation exist in the Himalayas. Conditions range from a critical situation in the Himalayas of Nepal to a moderately serious situation in Bhutan and the eastern Himalayas. If rapid development continues in Nepal and the eastern Himalayas without due regard for conservation, the problems there may assume critical proportions in the near future. The governments of Nepal are aware of the dangers of environmental degradation in the Himalayas, and environmental management concerns are being integrated in development projects in this region.
Sedimentation and discharge of industrial effluents are prominent sources of water pollution, and the burning of wood for fuel is a significant source of indoor air pollution and respiratory problems. Vehicular and industrial emissions increasingly have contributed to air pollution in urban areas.
Deforestation and land degradation appear to affect a far greater proportion of the population and have the worst consequences for economic growth and individuals’ livelihoods. Forest loss has contributed to floods, soil erosion, and stagnant agricultural output. Estimates suggest that from 1966 to 2000 forest cover declined from 45 to 29 percent of the total land area. Often cited causes of deforestation include population growth, high fuelwood consumption, infrastructure projects, and conversion of forests into grazing- and cropland. According to government estimates, 1.5 million tons of soil nutrients are lost annually, and by 2002 approximately 5 percent of agricultural holdings had been rendered uncultivable as a result of soil erosion and flooding.
Land degradation is attributed to population growth, improper use of agro-chemicals, and overly intensive use of landholdings that are too small to provide most households with sufficient food. Since the late 1980s, government policies have attempted to address these numerous and related problems, but policies often are hampered by lack of funding, insufficient understanding of Nepal’s mountain ecosystems, bureaucratic inefficiency, and sometimes contentious relations between the central government and local communities.
Nepal has been a pivotal country for WWF ever since the organization first provided support to conserve the Greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) in the late 1960s.
Today, the endangered rhino is no longer on the brink of extinction, and is in fact, the second largest population in the world. The Rhino Census of 2008 recorded 435 throughout Nepal. Nepal also has an estimated 121 adult Bengal tigers distributed in the lowland protected areas.
WWF's Priorities: people & communities
The priority of WWF's support for Nepal's conservation effort has changed with the shift in Government of Nepal's policy for biodiversity conservation.
In the early years the focus was on species conservation and research with strict law enforcement practices. There has been gradual change with the adoption of a more conciliatory approach and social mobilization for the participatory involvement of local people for conservation.
Over the years, support has been centered on integrating conservation and community development with an attempt to address the issues of livelihoods of local people living near protected areas. The aim is to win the support and stewardship of locals living in the fringe areas in wildlife conservation. Our focus has evolved to a landscape approach in conservation by building partnerships with donors, stakeholders, interest groups, and local people
Economic changes and population increases are threatening the ecology of the Himalayas. In recent year’s deforestation in the foothills and the Middle Himalayas and overgrazing on the high pastures have led to soil erosion and other environmental problems. Deforestation is a particular concern in the western Himalayas, where increased demand for firewood, extensive tree trimming in order to feed livestock, and construction of roads in the border regions have increased the destruction rate of forests and the number of landslides. Rapid population growth has accelerated pollution, and Himalayan streams that were once clear are now polluted with refuse and sewage. Hill people who use the water for drinking suffer from dysentery; cholera and typhoid epidemics are also common. Large lakes like Tilicho Lake, Dudh Koshi etc. which emerges from Himalayas have also become polluted. Regional variations in environmental degradation exist in the Himalayas. Conditions range from a critical situation in the Himalayas of Nepal to a moderately serious situation in Bhutan and the eastern Himalayas. If rapid development continues in Nepal and the eastern Himalayas without due regard for conservation, the problems there may assume critical proportions in the near future. The governments of Nepal are aware of the dangers of environmental degradation in the Himalayas, and environmental management concerns are being integrated in development projects in this region.
latest news of osama bin ladin
Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (play /oʊˈsɑːmə bɪn ˈlɑːdən/; Arabic: أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن, ʾUsāmah bin Muḥammad bin ʿAwaḍ bin Lādin; March 10, 1957 – May 2, 2011)note a was the founder of al-Qaeda, the organization responsible for the September 11 attacks on the United States and numerous other mass-casualty attacks against civilian and military targets. He was a member of the wealthy Saudi bin Laden family and an ethnic Yemeni Kindite.
Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings. From 2001 to 2011 bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror.
On May 2, 2011, he was killed in a raid at his private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan by U.S. Navy SEALs. Shortly after his death, bin Laden's body was buried at sea. On May 6, 2011, al-Qaeda acknowledged his death and concurrently vowed to retaliate.
The killing of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden by U.S. special forces put American and allied officials on guard against possible reprisals as they vowed to maintain the fight against terrorism.
“Though bin Laden is dead, al-Qaeda is not,” CIA Director Leon Panetta, who oversaw the overnight mission to kill bin Laden, said today in a statement sent to agency employees. “The terrorists almost certainly will attempt to avenge him, and we must -- and will -- remain vigilant and resolute.”
Bin Laden was killed almost 10 years after orchestrating the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks that killed almost 3,000 people at the World Trade Center in New York, the Pentagon in suburban Washington and in a field in Pennsylvania, where hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 crashed. He was killed after a decade on the run in a firefight with a team of U.S. operatives who raided the compound in Pakistan where he had been hiding.
“On nights like this one we can say to those families who have lost loved ones to al-Qaeda’s terror: Justice has been done,” President Barack Obama said in a late-night televised address from the White House.
Bin Laden, 54, eluded American forces that invaded Afghanistan following the 2001 attacks, escaping across the mountainous border with Pakistan. U.S. intelligence last August picked up his trail in Pakistan after years of “painstaking” work, then tracked him to a compound in Abbottabad, a city north of Islamabad, Obama said.
Obama’s Authorization
“Finally, last week, I determined that we had enough intelligence to take action and authorized an operation to get Osama bin Laden and bring him to justice,” he said.
Central Intelligence Agency specialists used photo identification techniques and DNA tests to positively identify bin Laden’s body, U.S. officials told reporters at a briefing. In addition, a woman believed to be bin Laden’s wife also identified him by name, the officials said, speaking on condition of anonymity to discuss intelligence matters.
The body was taken out of Pakistan by the special forces team. The officials said it was washed and wrapped in a white sheet in a process that followed Islamic traditions. It eventually was placed in a weighted bag and buried in the North Arabian Sea, the officials said.
Obama Informed
Obama was informed about the initial identification just after 7 p.m. last night and later was shown a photograph of the scene, an administration official said.
Global stocks rose and crude oil dropped the most in almost three weeks after Obama’s announcement. The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index advanced 0.3 percent at 10:10 a.m. in New York. U.S. and German government bonds declined. Crude oil tumbled as much as 2.7 percent.
The hunt for Bin Laden stoked international tensions with the U.S. over how to defeat the Taliban and other terrorist groups. Pakistani leaders have condemned the use of U.S. drones to target militants along the Afghan border, while Vice President Joe Biden in January told Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani that “al-Qaeda and its allies have found refuge in your country.”
Pakistan Location
Abbottabad, a city of about 100,000 people within 35 miles of the capital Islamabad, is the center of a region dominated by army facilities and weapons factories. The city, named for the British colonial officer who founded it, has avoided the terrorist attacks that have struck Lahore, Karachi and other major Pakistani cities.
U.S. officials said they didn’t share their intelligence with any other country, including Pakistan, and only a small group of people in the government knew the plans.
Terrorists “belonging to different organizations find sanctuary in Pakistan,” Indian Home Minister Palaniappan Chidambaram said in a statement today in reaction to the news. Pakistan’s foreign office said in a statement that bin Laden’s death was a “major setback” to terrorist groups.
The State Department issued an alert to U.S. citizens traveling abroad to warn of potential anti-American violence as a result of the raid. Security around the U.S. consulate in Karachi was increased, with police and paramilitary forces taking positions and setting up check posts outside the building.
‘Revenge Attacks’
“In the immediate term, there will be some retaliation, there will be some revenge attacks,” said Rohan Gunaratna, head of the Singapore-based International Center for Political Violence and Terrorism Research. He said al-Qaeda’s operational structure will remain intact under Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden’s top lieutenant.
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, while calling the killing of bin Laden “a significant success,” said in a statement from alliance headquarters in Brussels that “terrorism continues to pose a direct threat to our security.”
Pakistan’s Taliban said bin Laden was still alive and reports of his death were baseless, Karachi-based GEO Television reported, citing a statement from the group.
Obama and his predecessor, President George W. Bush, made capturing bin Laden key to national security.
Obama said that shortly after taking office in 2009, he directed CIA chief Panetta to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the “top priority” in the war against al-Qaeda. In August, Obama was briefed on a possible lead, he said.
Secure Compound
The intelligence ultimately revealed that bin Laden was living in a home in a secure compound in Abbottabad, according to administration officials who briefed reporters after Obama spoke. The officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity in discussing the planning of the raid, said the compound was valued at about $1 million and was built roughly five years ago for the purpose of harboring bin Laden.
The three-story compound had security measures including walls as high as 18 feet and topped with barbed wire, the officials said. Access was restricted by two security gates and residents burned their trash instead of leaving it out for collection like the other homes in the neighborhood. There were no phone or Internet connections, according to the officials.
Officials said they didn’t know for certain how long bin Laden had been living there.
The president gave the go-ahead for the operation early in the morning of April 29, according to one of the officials.
Navy Commandos
The helicopter raid carrying U.S. Navy Seal commandos was ordered by Panetta, who monitored the operation from his seventh-floor command center at CIA headquarters in McLean, Virginia, a U.S. official said. Officials said the raid was designed to minimize risk to non-combatants in the compound. At least two helicopters were used; one had mechanical problems.
The operation, which began around midnight local time, lasted less than 40 minutes. Three other adult males were killed in addition to bin Laden, officials said. One woman was killed when she was used as a human shield by a male combatant, the officials said.
Express 24/7, a Lahore, Pakistan-based television station, showed footage of what it said was a compound in Abbottabad in flames. Several Pakistani television stations broadcast what they said was a still photograph of bin Laden’s body, with his face smeared with blood and his left eye mutilated.
Reaching a Goal
“Tonight we are once again reminded that America can do whatever we set our mind to,” Obama, 49, said. “That is the story of our history.”
Obama warned that the fight against terrorism isn’t ended with the death of bin Laden.
“There’s no doubt that al-Qaeda will continue to pursue attacks against us,” he said.
Even before Obama spoke, a cheering, chanting crowd gathered outside the north gates of the White House as news of bin Laden’s death spread. The throng of people continued to grow after midnight along Pennsylvania Avenue.
“It’s been 10 years, it’s really a rallying point that we’ve been successful with what we’ve been doing abroad,” said Glen Dalakian, 21, a student at American University, who was among those gathered in front of the White House this morning. “It makes you proud to be an American waving the flag once again.”
Obama called Bush to inform him about the raid.
“I congratulated him and the men and women of our military and intelligence communities who devoted their lives to this mission,” the former president said in a statement. “This momentous achievement marks a victory for America, for people who seek peace around the world, and for all those who lost loved ones on Sept. 11, 2001.”
Boehner Commends Obama
The administration briefed congressional officials before the president’s address.
House Speaker John Boehner, an Ohio Republican, said he wanted to “commend President Obama and his team, as well as President Bush, for all of their efforts to bring Osama bin Laden to justice.”
German Chancellor Angela Merkel called the killing of bin Laden a success for the “forces of peace.”
“But this doesn’t mean that international terrorism has been defeated,” Merkel said in a statement in Berlin. “We all must remain alert.”
“The news that Osama bin Laden is dead will bring great relief to people across the world,” U.K Prime Minister David Cameron said in a statement congratulating Obama and the U.S. personnel who conducted the raid.
“Osama bin Laden was responsible for the worst terrorist atrocities the world has seen -- for 9/11 and for so many attacks, which have cost thousands of lives, many of them British,” Cameron said in an e-mailed statement. “It is a great success that he has been found and will no longer be able to pursue his campaign of global terror.”
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard told reporters in Canberra that “whilst al-Qaeda has been hurt today, al-Qaeda is not finished.” Australian embassies and consulates have been told to heighten security awareness, she said.
Bin Laden was on the American Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) lists of Ten Most Wanted Fugitives and Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement in the 1998 U.S. embassy bombings. From 2001 to 2011 bin Laden was a major target of the War on Terror.
On May 2, 2011, he was killed in a raid at his private residential compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan by U.S. Navy SEALs. Shortly after his death, bin Laden's body was buried at sea. On May 6, 2011, al-Qaeda acknowledged his death and concurrently vowed to retaliate.
The killing of al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden by U.S. special forces put American and allied officials on guard against possible reprisals as they vowed to maintain the fight against terrorism.
“Though bin Laden is dead, al-Qaeda is not,” CIA Director Leon Panetta, who oversaw the overnight mission to kill bin Laden, said today in a statement sent to agency employees. “The terrorists almost certainly will attempt to avenge him, and we must -- and will -- remain vigilant and resolute.”
Bin Laden was killed almost 10 years after orchestrating the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks that killed almost 3,000 people at the World Trade Center in New York, the Pentagon in suburban Washington and in a field in Pennsylvania, where hijacked United Airlines Flight 93 crashed. He was killed after a decade on the run in a firefight with a team of U.S. operatives who raided the compound in Pakistan where he had been hiding.
“On nights like this one we can say to those families who have lost loved ones to al-Qaeda’s terror: Justice has been done,” President Barack Obama said in a late-night televised address from the White House.
Bin Laden, 54, eluded American forces that invaded Afghanistan following the 2001 attacks, escaping across the mountainous border with Pakistan. U.S. intelligence last August picked up his trail in Pakistan after years of “painstaking” work, then tracked him to a compound in Abbottabad, a city north of Islamabad, Obama said.
Obama’s Authorization
“Finally, last week, I determined that we had enough intelligence to take action and authorized an operation to get Osama bin Laden and bring him to justice,” he said.
Central Intelligence Agency specialists used photo identification techniques and DNA tests to positively identify bin Laden’s body, U.S. officials told reporters at a briefing. In addition, a woman believed to be bin Laden’s wife also identified him by name, the officials said, speaking on condition of anonymity to discuss intelligence matters.
The body was taken out of Pakistan by the special forces team. The officials said it was washed and wrapped in a white sheet in a process that followed Islamic traditions. It eventually was placed in a weighted bag and buried in the North Arabian Sea, the officials said.
Obama Informed
Obama was informed about the initial identification just after 7 p.m. last night and later was shown a photograph of the scene, an administration official said.
Global stocks rose and crude oil dropped the most in almost three weeks after Obama’s announcement. The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index advanced 0.3 percent at 10:10 a.m. in New York. U.S. and German government bonds declined. Crude oil tumbled as much as 2.7 percent.
The hunt for Bin Laden stoked international tensions with the U.S. over how to defeat the Taliban and other terrorist groups. Pakistani leaders have condemned the use of U.S. drones to target militants along the Afghan border, while Vice President Joe Biden in January told Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani that “al-Qaeda and its allies have found refuge in your country.”
Pakistan Location
Abbottabad, a city of about 100,000 people within 35 miles of the capital Islamabad, is the center of a region dominated by army facilities and weapons factories. The city, named for the British colonial officer who founded it, has avoided the terrorist attacks that have struck Lahore, Karachi and other major Pakistani cities.
U.S. officials said they didn’t share their intelligence with any other country, including Pakistan, and only a small group of people in the government knew the plans.
Terrorists “belonging to different organizations find sanctuary in Pakistan,” Indian Home Minister Palaniappan Chidambaram said in a statement today in reaction to the news. Pakistan’s foreign office said in a statement that bin Laden’s death was a “major setback” to terrorist groups.
The State Department issued an alert to U.S. citizens traveling abroad to warn of potential anti-American violence as a result of the raid. Security around the U.S. consulate in Karachi was increased, with police and paramilitary forces taking positions and setting up check posts outside the building.
‘Revenge Attacks’
“In the immediate term, there will be some retaliation, there will be some revenge attacks,” said Rohan Gunaratna, head of the Singapore-based International Center for Political Violence and Terrorism Research. He said al-Qaeda’s operational structure will remain intact under Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden’s top lieutenant.
NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen, while calling the killing of bin Laden “a significant success,” said in a statement from alliance headquarters in Brussels that “terrorism continues to pose a direct threat to our security.”
Pakistan’s Taliban said bin Laden was still alive and reports of his death were baseless, Karachi-based GEO Television reported, citing a statement from the group.
Obama and his predecessor, President George W. Bush, made capturing bin Laden key to national security.
Obama said that shortly after taking office in 2009, he directed CIA chief Panetta to make the killing or capture of bin Laden the “top priority” in the war against al-Qaeda. In August, Obama was briefed on a possible lead, he said.
Secure Compound
The intelligence ultimately revealed that bin Laden was living in a home in a secure compound in Abbottabad, according to administration officials who briefed reporters after Obama spoke. The officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity in discussing the planning of the raid, said the compound was valued at about $1 million and was built roughly five years ago for the purpose of harboring bin Laden.
The three-story compound had security measures including walls as high as 18 feet and topped with barbed wire, the officials said. Access was restricted by two security gates and residents burned their trash instead of leaving it out for collection like the other homes in the neighborhood. There were no phone or Internet connections, according to the officials.
Officials said they didn’t know for certain how long bin Laden had been living there.
The president gave the go-ahead for the operation early in the morning of April 29, according to one of the officials.
Navy Commandos
The helicopter raid carrying U.S. Navy Seal commandos was ordered by Panetta, who monitored the operation from his seventh-floor command center at CIA headquarters in McLean, Virginia, a U.S. official said. Officials said the raid was designed to minimize risk to non-combatants in the compound. At least two helicopters were used; one had mechanical problems.
The operation, which began around midnight local time, lasted less than 40 minutes. Three other adult males were killed in addition to bin Laden, officials said. One woman was killed when she was used as a human shield by a male combatant, the officials said.
Express 24/7, a Lahore, Pakistan-based television station, showed footage of what it said was a compound in Abbottabad in flames. Several Pakistani television stations broadcast what they said was a still photograph of bin Laden’s body, with his face smeared with blood and his left eye mutilated.
Reaching a Goal
“Tonight we are once again reminded that America can do whatever we set our mind to,” Obama, 49, said. “That is the story of our history.”
Obama warned that the fight against terrorism isn’t ended with the death of bin Laden.
“There’s no doubt that al-Qaeda will continue to pursue attacks against us,” he said.
Even before Obama spoke, a cheering, chanting crowd gathered outside the north gates of the White House as news of bin Laden’s death spread. The throng of people continued to grow after midnight along Pennsylvania Avenue.
“It’s been 10 years, it’s really a rallying point that we’ve been successful with what we’ve been doing abroad,” said Glen Dalakian, 21, a student at American University, who was among those gathered in front of the White House this morning. “It makes you proud to be an American waving the flag once again.”
Obama called Bush to inform him about the raid.
“I congratulated him and the men and women of our military and intelligence communities who devoted their lives to this mission,” the former president said in a statement. “This momentous achievement marks a victory for America, for people who seek peace around the world, and for all those who lost loved ones on Sept. 11, 2001.”
Boehner Commends Obama
The administration briefed congressional officials before the president’s address.
House Speaker John Boehner, an Ohio Republican, said he wanted to “commend President Obama and his team, as well as President Bush, for all of their efforts to bring Osama bin Laden to justice.”
German Chancellor Angela Merkel called the killing of bin Laden a success for the “forces of peace.”
“But this doesn’t mean that international terrorism has been defeated,” Merkel said in a statement in Berlin. “We all must remain alert.”
“The news that Osama bin Laden is dead will bring great relief to people across the world,” U.K Prime Minister David Cameron said in a statement congratulating Obama and the U.S. personnel who conducted the raid.
“Osama bin Laden was responsible for the worst terrorist atrocities the world has seen -- for 9/11 and for so many attacks, which have cost thousands of lives, many of them British,” Cameron said in an e-mailed statement. “It is a great success that he has been found and will no longer be able to pursue his campaign of global terror.”
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard told reporters in Canberra that “whilst al-Qaeda has been hurt today, al-Qaeda is not finished.” Australian embassies and consulates have been told to heighten security awareness, she said.
Hiv aids
AIDS is now a pandemic.[6] As of 2009, AVERT estimated that there are 33.3 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 2.6 million new HIV infections per year and 1.8 million annual deaths due to AIDS.[7] In 2007, UNAIDS estimated: 33.2 million people worldwide had AIDS that year; AIDS killed 2.1 million people in the course of that year, including 330,000 children, and 76% of those deaths occurred in sub-Saharan Africa.[8] According to UNAIDS 2009 report, worldwide some 60 million people have been infected, with some 25 million deaths, and 14 million orphaned children in southern Africa alone since the epidemic began.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.[10][11] AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[13] Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.AIDS is one of the most serious, deadly diseases in human history.
More than 20 years ago, doctors in the United States identified the first cases of AIDS in San Francisco and New York. Now there are an estimated 42 million people living with HIV or AIDS worldwide, and more than 3 million die every year from AIDS-related illnesses.is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV destroys a type of defense cell in the body called a CD4 helper lymphocyte (pronounced: lim-fuh-site). These lymphocytes are part of the body's immune system, the defense system that fights infectious diseases. But as HIV destroys these lymphocytes, people with the virus begin to get serious infections that they normally wouldn't — that is, they become immune deficient. The name for this condition is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
As the medical community learns more about how HIV works, they've been able to develop drugs to inhibit it (meaning they interfere with its growth). These drugs have been successful in slowing the progress of the disease, and people with the disease now live much longer. But there is still no cure for HIV and AID
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century.[10][11] AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s.
Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries.[13] Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.AIDS is one of the most serious, deadly diseases in human history.
More than 20 years ago, doctors in the United States identified the first cases of AIDS in San Francisco and New York. Now there are an estimated 42 million people living with HIV or AIDS worldwide, and more than 3 million die every year from AIDS-related illnesses.is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV destroys a type of defense cell in the body called a CD4 helper lymphocyte (pronounced: lim-fuh-site). These lymphocytes are part of the body's immune system, the defense system that fights infectious diseases. But as HIV destroys these lymphocytes, people with the virus begin to get serious infections that they normally wouldn't — that is, they become immune deficient. The name for this condition is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
As the medical community learns more about how HIV works, they've been able to develop drugs to inhibit it (meaning they interfere with its growth). These drugs have been successful in slowing the progress of the disease, and people with the disease now live much longer. But there is still no cure for HIV and AID
child labor facts
Child labour refers to the employment of children at regular and sustained labour. This practice is considered exploitative by many international organizations and is illegal in many countries. Child labour was employed to varying extents through most of history, but entered public dispute with the advent of universal schooling, with changes in working conditions during the industrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts of workers' and children's rights.
In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores, in a family shop, or school-related work)An employer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age. This minimum age depends on the country and the type of work involved. States ratifying the Minimum Age Convention adopted by the International Labor Organization in 1973, have adopted minimum ages varying from 14 to 16. Child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without restrictions and without parents' consent at age 16he incidence of child labour in the world decreased from 25 to 10 percent between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank. * The International Labour Organization estimates that 215 million children ages 5-17 are engaged in child labor (ILO, Accelerating action against child labour, 2010).
* An estimated 12 percent of children in India ages 5-14 are engaged in child labor activities, including carpet production (UNICEF, State of the World’s Children 2010).
* Approximately six out of ten slaves in the world are bonded laborers in South Asia (Siddharth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery, 2008)
* It would cost $760 billion over a 20-year period to end child labor. The estimated benefit in terms of better education and health is about six times that—over $4 trillion in economies where child laborers are found (ILO, Investing in Every Child, 2003).
* Some children are forced to work up to 18 hours a day, often never leaving the confines of the factory or loom shed.
* Children trafficked into one form of labor may be later sold into another, as with girls from rural Nepal, who are recruited to work in carpet factories but are then trafficked into the sex industry over the border in India (ILO/IPEC, Helping Hands or Shackled Lives? Understanding Child Domestic Labour and Responses to It, 2004).
* Experts estimate that child labor on South Asia’s carpet looms has dropped from 1 million to 250,000 since the launch of GoodWeave in 1995.
In many developed countries, it is considered inappropriate or exploitative if a child below a certain age works (excluding household chores, in a family shop, or school-related work)An employer is usually not permitted to hire a child below a certain minimum age. This minimum age depends on the country and the type of work involved. States ratifying the Minimum Age Convention adopted by the International Labor Organization in 1973, have adopted minimum ages varying from 14 to 16. Child labor laws in the United States set the minimum age to work in an establishment without restrictions and without parents' consent at age 16he incidence of child labour in the world decreased from 25 to 10 percent between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank. * The International Labour Organization estimates that 215 million children ages 5-17 are engaged in child labor (ILO, Accelerating action against child labour, 2010).
* An estimated 12 percent of children in India ages 5-14 are engaged in child labor activities, including carpet production (UNICEF, State of the World’s Children 2010).
* Approximately six out of ten slaves in the world are bonded laborers in South Asia (Siddharth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery, 2008)
* It would cost $760 billion over a 20-year period to end child labor. The estimated benefit in terms of better education and health is about six times that—over $4 trillion in economies where child laborers are found (ILO, Investing in Every Child, 2003).
* Some children are forced to work up to 18 hours a day, often never leaving the confines of the factory or loom shed.
* Children trafficked into one form of labor may be later sold into another, as with girls from rural Nepal, who are recruited to work in carpet factories but are then trafficked into the sex industry over the border in India (ILO/IPEC, Helping Hands or Shackled Lives? Understanding Child Domestic Labour and Responses to It, 2004).
* Experts estimate that child labor on South Asia’s carpet looms has dropped from 1 million to 250,000 since the launch of GoodWeave in 1995.
child trafficking
Child trafficking is one of the world’s major problems. Every year 1.2 million children are trafficked by different agents. The traffickers bring children and engage them in factories, mills and brothels. It is a worst form of child labor as defined by ILO (International Labor Organization). Here the traffickers recruit, transport, transfer children for the purpose of exploitation.
The agents involved in trafficking attract the child and his family under the guise of providing employment. They lure them with the promises of a lucrative job and comfortable lifestyle abroad and bring them to sell at a high amount of money. Then the child is engaged into begging, smuggling, drug trade, military and circuses, beer bars, factories as laborers. As such, the child has to face tremendous torture physically, sexually and mentally. There is a wide network of these cheats, often known as traffickers. Brokers, owners of brothels, family relatives, friends, the police, and political leaders may be connected with this network.
To save individuals from human trafficking, effective legal agencies should be set up that work against traffickers and exploiters. Since the network of traffickers is interrelated, we need to take strict measures to save people from human trading. These include effective monitoring of trafficking, effective coordination between the ministries of tourism, labor and transport to fight against this socio-economic problem. This is an issue that needs to be dealt with an iron hand as it involves child abuse and the denial of basic human rights.
Girls from poor families are lured by the traffickers from across the world with the promise of a new life and subsequently they are sold at the brothels and bars. According to recent research, most of the traffickers buy and sell women among Asia, Soviet Union, South America and the West Coast. The numbers of sex slaves are increasing day by day. Girls who work in massage parlors and bars are often exploited sexually by the traffickers. They threaten the victim to harm their families or to put them into prison and terrify them by confiscating their legal documents like visa, passport, birth certificate, etc. The victims of sex trafficking are not allowed to keep in touch with the outside world and often they have to face rude behavior of their bosses and brutal beating.The cases of sex trafficking are very common nowadays. This means to force a person to work as sexual slave. The victim can be a child, a teen or an adult. Almost 80% victims of human trafficking are female and around 70% of them are sexually exploited in the film industries, advertising industries, fashion industries and private organizations.
the poorest parts of Nepal are trafficked every year — sold by their desperate parents or lured by the false promises of traffickers. These girls, sometimes as young as nine, end up in the brothels of India where they become slaves. Many are HIV positive within two years, and are dead before they are out of their teens. Our approach to combating this modern-day slavery is simple and surprisingly effective.Poverty, ignorance, and a system that does not value women. The Nepali quote “educating your daughter is like watering a flower in another man’s garden” sums up the cultural attitude towards girls. That the best a girl can hope for is to be married off very young and spend her life working in the fields makes her very vulnerable to traffickers. They promise the parents that their daughter will have a good job and send money home every month. Or promise to marry the girl and take her to a bright life in the city. And another girl “goes missing”.Reluctance to send girls to school is dropping away, and whole villages are asking to be included in our work. Educating the most at-risk girls in a village spreads enough knowledge to keep traffickers at bay. Our girls are motivated: despite their odds, they pass their high school leaving exams at double the national average. And we have not lost one girl to trafficking.
The agents involved in trafficking attract the child and his family under the guise of providing employment. They lure them with the promises of a lucrative job and comfortable lifestyle abroad and bring them to sell at a high amount of money. Then the child is engaged into begging, smuggling, drug trade, military and circuses, beer bars, factories as laborers. As such, the child has to face tremendous torture physically, sexually and mentally. There is a wide network of these cheats, often known as traffickers. Brokers, owners of brothels, family relatives, friends, the police, and political leaders may be connected with this network.
To save individuals from human trafficking, effective legal agencies should be set up that work against traffickers and exploiters. Since the network of traffickers is interrelated, we need to take strict measures to save people from human trading. These include effective monitoring of trafficking, effective coordination between the ministries of tourism, labor and transport to fight against this socio-economic problem. This is an issue that needs to be dealt with an iron hand as it involves child abuse and the denial of basic human rights.
Girls from poor families are lured by the traffickers from across the world with the promise of a new life and subsequently they are sold at the brothels and bars. According to recent research, most of the traffickers buy and sell women among Asia, Soviet Union, South America and the West Coast. The numbers of sex slaves are increasing day by day. Girls who work in massage parlors and bars are often exploited sexually by the traffickers. They threaten the victim to harm their families or to put them into prison and terrify them by confiscating their legal documents like visa, passport, birth certificate, etc. The victims of sex trafficking are not allowed to keep in touch with the outside world and often they have to face rude behavior of their bosses and brutal beating.The cases of sex trafficking are very common nowadays. This means to force a person to work as sexual slave. The victim can be a child, a teen or an adult. Almost 80% victims of human trafficking are female and around 70% of them are sexually exploited in the film industries, advertising industries, fashion industries and private organizations.
the poorest parts of Nepal are trafficked every year — sold by their desperate parents or lured by the false promises of traffickers. These girls, sometimes as young as nine, end up in the brothels of India where they become slaves. Many are HIV positive within two years, and are dead before they are out of their teens. Our approach to combating this modern-day slavery is simple and surprisingly effective.Poverty, ignorance, and a system that does not value women. The Nepali quote “educating your daughter is like watering a flower in another man’s garden” sums up the cultural attitude towards girls. That the best a girl can hope for is to be married off very young and spend her life working in the fields makes her very vulnerable to traffickers. They promise the parents that their daughter will have a good job and send money home every month. Or promise to marry the girl and take her to a bright life in the city. And another girl “goes missing”.Reluctance to send girls to school is dropping away, and whole villages are asking to be included in our work. Educating the most at-risk girls in a village spreads enough knowledge to keep traffickers at bay. Our girls are motivated: despite their odds, they pass their high school leaving exams at double the national average. And we have not lost one girl to trafficking.
How to control global warming
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans in recent decades and its projected continuation. Global warming is a very serious issue. The future would be very terrible if we don’t take any action to reduce it right away.
We need to control global warming to reduce the future risk. Today RB comes with commonsense super tips to reduce global warming. Please read it, leave your feedback & share this story with your friends. Let’s work together to control global warming & reduce future risk.Public transport, public transportation, public transit or mass transit comprises all transport systems in which the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles. While it is generally taken to include rail and bus services, wider definitions would include scheduled airline services, ferries, taxicab services etc. any system that transports members of the general public. A further restriction that is sometimes applied is that it should take place in shared vehicles, which would exclude taxis that are not shared-ride taxis.One means of reducing carbon emissions is the development of new technologies such as renewable energy such as wind power. Most forms of renewable energy generate no appreciable amounts of greenhouse gases except for biofuels derived from biomassBurning Waste Methane. Methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Burning one molecule of methane generates one molecule of carbon dioxide. Accordingly, burning methane which would otherwise be released into the atmosphere (such as at landfills, coal mines, waste treatment plants, etc.) provides a net greenhouse gas emissions benefit.bout half the energy we use in our homes goes to heating and cooling. Changing air filters annually, having your system checked annually and useing a programmable thermostat are all easy things you can do. Just by using a programmable thermostat, you can save about 1,800 pounds of carbon dioxide a year and about $100 a year in energy costs. If you want to go the extra mile, see “Bonus Tips” below for how to purchase green power.Unscientific maintain of vehicle leads to environment pollution. Vehicles, regardless of category are increasing day by day all over the world. The smoke released by these vehicles damage ozone layer. But it is impossible to stop the arrival of new vehicles. What can be done to the maximum is, to maintain the vehicles properly. Adopting scientific method to maintain your loved cars and bikes will play predominant role in controlling global warming.Cleaning the air inside the house is most important thing. By doing so you will automatically contribute for global warm control. There are many things you can do to clean your house. Use proper vacuum cleaner for the purpose. Clean regularly and continuously. Put dust avoiding curtains and use houseplants. Do not keep the dustbin unchecked. lso don’t mess the surroundings of your house. Even take maximum care while dispatching waste materials. Try to grow as much as saplings inside your compound.Switch off unwanted electric equipments immediately. Or do not use them if not necessary. Often we find shining tube, unning fan, running TV…etc. One may be sound enough to pay the electric bill in the end of the month, but what about the energy that has been wasted? Replace the old ones with energy efficient lighting. Also, improve the efficiency of ome appliances. If not possible, go for an energy saving appliances.Preferring reusable products instead of disposables will help in reducing the waste. When you buy a product, make sure that the packing is quite reasonable one. In other words, packing should not exceed the size of the product. Always try to recycle household waste. By recycling the household waste, one can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually.Here both the entrepreneurs and public should join hands together for a cause. Always try to educate others on preferring recycling products.
We need to control global warming to reduce the future risk. Today RB comes with commonsense super tips to reduce global warming. Please read it, leave your feedback & share this story with your friends. Let’s work together to control global warming & reduce future risk.Public transport, public transportation, public transit or mass transit comprises all transport systems in which the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles. While it is generally taken to include rail and bus services, wider definitions would include scheduled airline services, ferries, taxicab services etc. any system that transports members of the general public. A further restriction that is sometimes applied is that it should take place in shared vehicles, which would exclude taxis that are not shared-ride taxis.One means of reducing carbon emissions is the development of new technologies such as renewable energy such as wind power. Most forms of renewable energy generate no appreciable amounts of greenhouse gases except for biofuels derived from biomassBurning Waste Methane. Methane is a much more powerful greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Burning one molecule of methane generates one molecule of carbon dioxide. Accordingly, burning methane which would otherwise be released into the atmosphere (such as at landfills, coal mines, waste treatment plants, etc.) provides a net greenhouse gas emissions benefit.bout half the energy we use in our homes goes to heating and cooling. Changing air filters annually, having your system checked annually and useing a programmable thermostat are all easy things you can do. Just by using a programmable thermostat, you can save about 1,800 pounds of carbon dioxide a year and about $100 a year in energy costs. If you want to go the extra mile, see “Bonus Tips” below for how to purchase green power.Unscientific maintain of vehicle leads to environment pollution. Vehicles, regardless of category are increasing day by day all over the world. The smoke released by these vehicles damage ozone layer. But it is impossible to stop the arrival of new vehicles. What can be done to the maximum is, to maintain the vehicles properly. Adopting scientific method to maintain your loved cars and bikes will play predominant role in controlling global warming.Cleaning the air inside the house is most important thing. By doing so you will automatically contribute for global warm control. There are many things you can do to clean your house. Use proper vacuum cleaner for the purpose. Clean regularly and continuously. Put dust avoiding curtains and use houseplants. Do not keep the dustbin unchecked. lso don’t mess the surroundings of your house. Even take maximum care while dispatching waste materials. Try to grow as much as saplings inside your compound.Switch off unwanted electric equipments immediately. Or do not use them if not necessary. Often we find shining tube, unning fan, running TV…etc. One may be sound enough to pay the electric bill in the end of the month, but what about the energy that has been wasted? Replace the old ones with energy efficient lighting. Also, improve the efficiency of ome appliances. If not possible, go for an energy saving appliances.Preferring reusable products instead of disposables will help in reducing the waste. When you buy a product, make sure that the packing is quite reasonable one. In other words, packing should not exceed the size of the product. Always try to recycle household waste. By recycling the household waste, one can save 2,400 pounds of carbon dioxide annually.Here both the entrepreneurs and public should join hands together for a cause. Always try to educate others on preferring recycling products.
Saturday, May 7, 2011
How to attract tourist in tourism year 2011
To attract tourists from all over the world, Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation has come up with an ambitious plan, ‘Visit Nepal Tourism Year 2011’. Ministry is optimistic that this kind of events will increase tourist arrival and ultimately will create jobs and reduce poverty. In the budget government already committed fund to construct new international airport at Bara and upgrade few domestic airports. In addition, Ministry is searching for new trekking routes and looking to invest on infrastructure development. Previous such event was held back in 1998 as ‘Visit Nepal 1998’.Lets promote Visit Nepal Year 2011 and attract tourist In Nepal" Nepal, known for its natural Beauty and cultural diversity in the world is celebrating “Nepal Tourism Year 2011“ this year with the hope of attracting the tourist from all over the world. Nepal, landlocked country situated between two economically progressing country China and India is still trying to maintain its identity in world’s scenario.Nepal has just come out of the 14 year of People’s war conducted by one of the major political party Nepal communist party(maoist) now know as United Nepal communist party maoist and now they have come to the main stream politics and all Nepalese are hoping the peace process will come theresultant conclusion very soon.Nepal, Progressing to maintain its economic development give priority to the economic growth and tourism may help to collect the foreign currency. Therefore, the government is placing high priority on the tourism sector in its new economic development policy.
social network
A social network is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, kinship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, sexual relationships, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige.
Social network analysis views social relationships in terms of network theory consisting of nodes and ties (also called edges, links, or connections). Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. The resulting graph-based structures are often very complex. There can be many kinds of ties between the nodes. Research in a number of academic fields has shown that social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals.
In its simplest form, a social network is a map of specified ties, such as friendship, between the nodes being studied. The nodes to which an individual is thus connected are the social contacts of that individual. The network can also be used to measure social capital – the value that an individual gets from the social network. These concepts are often displayed in a social network diagram, where nodes are the points and ties are the lines.
A social networking service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, e.g., who share interests and/or activities. A social network service essentially consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web based and provide means for users to interact over the internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks.
The main types of social networking services are those which contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect...
Social network analysis views social relationships in terms of network theory consisting of nodes and ties (also called edges, links, or connections). Nodes are the individual actors within the networks, and ties are the relationships between the actors. The resulting graph-based structures are often very complex. There can be many kinds of ties between the nodes. Research in a number of academic fields has shown that social networks operate on many levels, from families up to the level of nations, and play a critical role in determining the way problems are solved, organizations are run, and the degree to which individuals succeed in achieving their goals.
In its simplest form, a social network is a map of specified ties, such as friendship, between the nodes being studied. The nodes to which an individual is thus connected are the social contacts of that individual. The network can also be used to measure social capital – the value that an individual gets from the social network. These concepts are often displayed in a social network diagram, where nodes are the points and ties are the lines.
A social networking service is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people, e.g., who share interests and/or activities. A social network service essentially consists of a representation of each user (often a profile), his/her social links, and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are web based and provide means for users to interact over the internet, such as e-mail and instant messaging. Online community services are sometimes considered as a social network service, though in a broader sense, social network service usually means an individual-centered service whereas online community services are group-centered. Social networking sites allow users to share ideas, activities, events, and interests within their individual networks.
The main types of social networking services are those which contain category places (such as former school year or classmates), means to connect...
tourist attraction in Nepal
A landlocked country in South Asia, Nepal borders the People’s Republic of China to the north and the Indian peninsula to the south, east and west. A beautiful country with an amazing array of mysterious attractions, Nepal is a must visit tourist destination in this part of the world. Flightshotelstours offers detailed guide on Tourist Attractions in Nepal.
Nepal is a land of outstanding diversity, and tourist attractions in Nepal are as varied and fascinating as the country itself. The landscape across the country is unusually diverse, ranging from the mighty Himalaya Mountains in the north to the humid Terai in the south. Eight of the world’s ten highest mountains, including Mount Everest are in Nepal. The numerous tourist attractions in Nepal will enthrall you in many ways no matter whether you are particularly interested in religion, culture, or wildlife. With so much on offer for tourists here, Nepal tourist attractions will surely make your Nepal Tours exceptionally memorable. There’s no dearth of exotic locations at Nepal. Kathmandu – Nepal’s capital, is a scenic city housing several carved rose-brick temples and welcoming pilgrims. Some of the tourist places in kathmandu that make for excellent sightseeing in Nepal include Durbar Square, Singha Durbar, Bhadrakali Temple, Pashupatinath Temple, Swayambhu Stupa, Boudhanath Stupa and Balaju Water Garden. The tourist attractions in Nepal are unique and fascinating enough to keep you occupied for weeks. Some of the most prominent attractions here are: Lumbini – the birth place of Lord Buddha, Lumbini is one of the four holiest pilgrim destinations for Buddhists worldwide. This religious site is located about 250-kms to the south-west of Kathmandu. Kakani - Located about 29km from Kathmandu city, Kakani is home to numerous tourist attractions in Nepal, including beautiful alpine surroundings and magnificent Himalayan views Gosainkunda – another holy site of immense importance, Gosainkunda perched at an altitude of about 4,360m Dhulikhel – an ancient town offering breathtaking views of the snow clad Himalayas Panauti – an enchanting village, home to some beautiful temples and ancient houses Namo Buddha – marked by an ancient stone slab and a stupa perched on a hill above Panauti. Helambu – located about 72-km north-east of Kathmandu, Helambu is one of the popular tourist attractions in Nepal, famous for its scenic splendor and salubrious climate. Some other notable tourist attractions of Nepal are:
Gorkha# Muktinath # Pokhara Valley ,Tansen# Rapti Valley ,Daman# Namche Bazaar,BarahachhetraHile, Janakpur# Antu Danda .
Nepal is a land of outstanding diversity, and tourist attractions in Nepal are as varied and fascinating as the country itself. The landscape across the country is unusually diverse, ranging from the mighty Himalaya Mountains in the north to the humid Terai in the south. Eight of the world’s ten highest mountains, including Mount Everest are in Nepal. The numerous tourist attractions in Nepal will enthrall you in many ways no matter whether you are particularly interested in religion, culture, or wildlife. With so much on offer for tourists here, Nepal tourist attractions will surely make your Nepal Tours exceptionally memorable. There’s no dearth of exotic locations at Nepal. Kathmandu – Nepal’s capital, is a scenic city housing several carved rose-brick temples and welcoming pilgrims. Some of the tourist places in kathmandu that make for excellent sightseeing in Nepal include Durbar Square, Singha Durbar, Bhadrakali Temple, Pashupatinath Temple, Swayambhu Stupa, Boudhanath Stupa and Balaju Water Garden. The tourist attractions in Nepal are unique and fascinating enough to keep you occupied for weeks. Some of the most prominent attractions here are: Lumbini – the birth place of Lord Buddha, Lumbini is one of the four holiest pilgrim destinations for Buddhists worldwide. This religious site is located about 250-kms to the south-west of Kathmandu. Kakani - Located about 29km from Kathmandu city, Kakani is home to numerous tourist attractions in Nepal, including beautiful alpine surroundings and magnificent Himalayan views Gosainkunda – another holy site of immense importance, Gosainkunda perched at an altitude of about 4,360m Dhulikhel – an ancient town offering breathtaking views of the snow clad Himalayas Panauti – an enchanting village, home to some beautiful temples and ancient houses Namo Buddha – marked by an ancient stone slab and a stupa perched on a hill above Panauti. Helambu – located about 72-km north-east of Kathmandu, Helambu is one of the popular tourist attractions in Nepal, famous for its scenic splendor and salubrious climate. Some other notable tourist attractions of Nepal are:
Gorkha# Muktinath # Pokhara Valley ,Tansen# Rapti Valley ,Daman# Namche Bazaar,BarahachhetraHile, Janakpur# Antu Danda .
Friday, May 6, 2011
business
A business can be defined as an organization that provides goods and services to others who want or need them. When many people think of business careers, they often think of jobs in large wealthy corporations. Many business-related careers, however, exist in small businesses, non-profit organizations, government agencies, and educational settings. Furthermore, you don't need a degree in business to obtain many of these positions. In short, every sector of our economy needs people with strong overall skills that can be applied to business-type careers. There are a wide variety of career areas that exist in business settings.
While many students know they are interested in business, there are so many career possibilities and potential work environments, it can still be very challenging to find a good fit. You have to consider what types of daily activities you want to complete, the size of the organization you want to work for and even the type of organization you want to join. The Career and Community Learning Center is a resource available to CLA students to help them identify a career path which fits well with their unique interests, personality, values, and skills. A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals.
Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, tax-payer, or larger community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture - a 3 to 5 year business plan is essential.
While many students know they are interested in business, there are so many career possibilities and potential work environments, it can still be very challenging to find a good fit. You have to consider what types of daily activities you want to complete, the size of the organization you want to work for and even the type of organization you want to join. The Career and Community Learning Center is a resource available to CLA students to help them identify a career path which fits well with their unique interests, personality, values, and skills. A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals.
Business plans may also target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, tax-payer, or larger community. When the existing business is to assume a major change or when planning a new venture - a 3 to 5 year business plan is essential.
Current Issues in Education
Education in the largest sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another.
Etymologically, the word education is derived from educare (Latin) "bring up", which is related to educere "bring out", "bring forth what is within", "bring out potential" and ducere, "to lead".[1]
Teachers in educational institutions direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects, including reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. This process is sometimes called schooling when referring to the education of teaching only a certain subject, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. There is also education in fields for those who want specific vocational skills, such as those required to be a pilot. In addition there is an array of education possible at the informal level, such as in museums and libraries, with the Internet and in life experience. Many non-traditional education options are now available and continue to evolve. One of the most substantial uses in education is the use of technology. Classrooms of the 21st century contain interactive white boards, iPads, iPods, laptops, etc. Teachers are encouraged to embed these technological devices in the curriculum in order to enhance students learning and meet the needs of various types of learners.
A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.
Etymologically, the word education is derived from educare (Latin) "bring up", which is related to educere "bring out", "bring forth what is within", "bring out potential" and ducere, "to lead".[1]
Teachers in educational institutions direct the education of students and might draw on many subjects, including reading, writing, mathematics, science and history. This process is sometimes called schooling when referring to the education of teaching only a certain subject, usually as professors at institutions of higher learning. There is also education in fields for those who want specific vocational skills, such as those required to be a pilot. In addition there is an array of education possible at the informal level, such as in museums and libraries, with the Internet and in life experience. Many non-traditional education options are now available and continue to evolve. One of the most substantial uses in education is the use of technology. Classrooms of the 21st century contain interactive white boards, iPads, iPods, laptops, etc. Teachers are encouraged to embed these technological devices in the curriculum in order to enhance students learning and meet the needs of various types of learners.
A right to education has been created and recognized by some jurisdictions: since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. At world level, the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right under its Article 13.
Sunday, May 1, 2011
education
Children in Risk of Drug Abuse
Drug abuse is the use of illegal drugs, or the misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs.
Drug addiction, or dependence, is the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects. However, a physical dependence on a substance (needing the drug to function.
Addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences to the individual that is addicted and to those around them. Drug addiction is a brain disease because the abuse of drugs leads to changes in the structure and function of the brain. Although it is true that for most people the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary, over time the changes in the brain caused by repeated drug abuse can affect a person's self-control and ability to make sound decisions, and at the same time send intense impulses to take drugs.
Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behaviour. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume their productive lives.
Using alcohol and other drugs carries risks. Alcohol and drugs impair your judgement, making you more likely to hurt yourself or others, to have trouble with the law, to do poorly at work and school, and to have relationship trouble. Alcohol and drugs also have specific health risks: they can damage major organs, increase your risk of cancers, and even cause death.
Addiction is a complex disorder characterized by compulsive drug use. People who are addicted feel an overwhelming, uncontrollable need for drugs or alcohol, even in the face of negative consequences. This self-destructive behaviour can be hard to understand.
Repeated drug use alters the brain causing long-lasting changes to the way it looks and functions. These brain changes interfere with your ability to think clearly, exercise good judgment, control your behaviour, and feel normal without drugs. These changes are also responsible, in large part, for the drug cravings and compulsion to use that make addiction so powerful.
The path to drug addiction starts with experimentation. You or your loved one may have tried drugs out of curiosity, because friends were doing it, or in an effort to erase another problem. At first, the substance seems to solve the problem or make life better, so you use the drug more and more.
But as the addiction progresses, getting and using the drug becomes more and more important and your ability to stop using is compromised. What begins as a voluntary choice turns into a physical and psychological need. The good news is that drug addiction is treatable. With treatment and support, you can counteract the disruptive effects of addiction and regain control of your life.
The risk periods for drug abuse are during major transitions in children’s lives. The first big transition for children is when they leave the security of the family and enter school. Later, when they advance from elementary school to middle school, they often experience new academic and social situations, such as learning to get along with a wider group of peers. It is at this stage early adolescence that children are likely to encounter drugs for the first time.
When they enter high school, adolescents face additional social, emotional, and educational challenges. At the same time, they may be exposed to greater availability of drugs, drug abusers, and social activities involving drugs. These challenges can increase the risk that they will abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other substances.
When young adults leave home for college or work and are on their own for the first time, their risk for drug and alcohol abuse is very high. Consequently, young adult interventions are needed as well.
Scientists have proposed various explanations of why some individuals become involved with drugs and then escalate to abuse. One explanation points to a biological cause, such as having a family history of drug or alcohol abuse. Another explanation is that abusing drugs can lead to affiliation with drug-abusing peers, which, in turn, exposes the individual to other drugs.
Children who are poor academic achievers are more likely to begin using drugs early and to become regular smokers, drinkers and drug users than are their more successful classmates.
Following are the signs and symptoms of drug abuse
You’re neglecting your responsibilities at school, work, or home (e.g. flunking classes, skipping work, neglecting your children) because of your drug use.
You’re using drugs under dangerous conditions or taking risks while high, such as driving while on drugs, using dirty needles, or having unprotected sex.
Your drug use is getting you into legal trouble, such as arrests for disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, or stealing to support a drug habit.
Your drug use is causing problems in your relationships, such as fights with your partner or family members, an unhappy boss, or the loss of old friends.
Following are the signs and symptoms of drug addiction
You’ve built up a drug tolerance. You need to use more of the drug to experience the same affects you used to with smaller amounts.
You take drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms. If you go too long without drugs, you experience symptoms such as nausea, restlessness, insomnia, depression, sweating, shaking, and anxiety.
You’ve lost control over your drug use. You often do drugs or use more than you planned, even though you told yourself you wouldn’t. You may want to stop using, but you feel powerless.
Your life revolves around drug use. You spend a lot of time using and thinking about drugs, figuring out how to get them, and recovering from the drug’s effects.
You’ve abandoned activities you used to enjoy, such as hobbies, sports, and socializing, because of your drug use.
You continue to use drugs, despite knowing it’s hurting you. It’s causing major problems in your life blackouts, infections, mood swings, depression, paranoia but you use anyway.
The risk periods for drug abuse among children
When young adults leave home for college or work and are on their own for the first time, their risk for drug and alcohol abuse is very high. Consequently, young adult interventions are needed as well.
Scientists have proposed various explanations of why some individuals become involved with drugs and then escalate to abuse. One explanation points to a biological cause, such as having a family history of drug or alcohol abuse. Another explanation is that abusing drugs can lead to affiliation with drug-abusing peers, which, in turn, exposes the individual to other drugs.
Children who are poor academic achievers are more likely to begin using drugs early and to become regular smokers, drinkers and drug users than are their more successful classmates.
Adolescents who are bored by schoolwork and disinterested in academic achievement are much more likely to become drug involved than those who are more academically oriented. For example, cocaine use is less common among teenagers with college plans than those who do not plan for higher education.
Children who feel "at odds," strongly rebellious against adult authority, and alienated from the dominant social values of their community, are more likely to use alcohol and other drugs than those with strong bonds to family and to traditional religious or ethical institutions.
Early antisocial behaviour, evidence of a lack of social responsibility, fighting and other types of aggressive behaviour are predictive of later alcohol and other drug use.
The earlier a child begins to smoke, drink or use other drugs, the greater the likelihood of heavy drug use, beginning with alcohol and tobacco. Young people who smoke and drink are more likely to use marijuana than those who avoid tobacco and alcohol.
Drug abuse is the use of illegal drugs, or the misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs.
Drug addiction, or dependence, is the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects. However, a physical dependence on a substance (needing the drug to function.
Addiction is a chronic, often relapsing brain disease that causes compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences to the individual that is addicted and to those around them. Drug addiction is a brain disease because the abuse of drugs leads to changes in the structure and function of the brain. Although it is true that for most people the initial decision to take drugs is voluntary, over time the changes in the brain caused by repeated drug abuse can affect a person's self-control and ability to make sound decisions, and at the same time send intense impulses to take drugs.
Many people do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. They mistakenly view drug abuse and addiction as strictly a social problem and may characterize those who take drugs as morally weak. One very common belief is that drug abusers should be able to just stop taking drugs if they are only willing to change their behaviour. What people often underestimate is the complexity of drug addiction that it is a disease that impacts the brain and because of that, stopping drug abuse is not simply a matter of willpower. Through scientific advances we now know much more about how exactly drugs work in the brain, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and resume their productive lives.
Using alcohol and other drugs carries risks. Alcohol and drugs impair your judgement, making you more likely to hurt yourself or others, to have trouble with the law, to do poorly at work and school, and to have relationship trouble. Alcohol and drugs also have specific health risks: they can damage major organs, increase your risk of cancers, and even cause death.
Addiction is a complex disorder characterized by compulsive drug use. People who are addicted feel an overwhelming, uncontrollable need for drugs or alcohol, even in the face of negative consequences. This self-destructive behaviour can be hard to understand.
Repeated drug use alters the brain causing long-lasting changes to the way it looks and functions. These brain changes interfere with your ability to think clearly, exercise good judgment, control your behaviour, and feel normal without drugs. These changes are also responsible, in large part, for the drug cravings and compulsion to use that make addiction so powerful.
The path to drug addiction starts with experimentation. You or your loved one may have tried drugs out of curiosity, because friends were doing it, or in an effort to erase another problem. At first, the substance seems to solve the problem or make life better, so you use the drug more and more.
But as the addiction progresses, getting and using the drug becomes more and more important and your ability to stop using is compromised. What begins as a voluntary choice turns into a physical and psychological need. The good news is that drug addiction is treatable. With treatment and support, you can counteract the disruptive effects of addiction and regain control of your life.
The risk periods for drug abuse are during major transitions in children’s lives. The first big transition for children is when they leave the security of the family and enter school. Later, when they advance from elementary school to middle school, they often experience new academic and social situations, such as learning to get along with a wider group of peers. It is at this stage early adolescence that children are likely to encounter drugs for the first time.
When they enter high school, adolescents face additional social, emotional, and educational challenges. At the same time, they may be exposed to greater availability of drugs, drug abusers, and social activities involving drugs. These challenges can increase the risk that they will abuse alcohol, tobacco, and other substances.
When young adults leave home for college or work and are on their own for the first time, their risk for drug and alcohol abuse is very high. Consequently, young adult interventions are needed as well.
Scientists have proposed various explanations of why some individuals become involved with drugs and then escalate to abuse. One explanation points to a biological cause, such as having a family history of drug or alcohol abuse. Another explanation is that abusing drugs can lead to affiliation with drug-abusing peers, which, in turn, exposes the individual to other drugs.
Children who are poor academic achievers are more likely to begin using drugs early and to become regular smokers, drinkers and drug users than are their more successful classmates.
Following are the signs and symptoms of drug abuse
You’re neglecting your responsibilities at school, work, or home (e.g. flunking classes, skipping work, neglecting your children) because of your drug use.
You’re using drugs under dangerous conditions or taking risks while high, such as driving while on drugs, using dirty needles, or having unprotected sex.
Your drug use is getting you into legal trouble, such as arrests for disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, or stealing to support a drug habit.
Your drug use is causing problems in your relationships, such as fights with your partner or family members, an unhappy boss, or the loss of old friends.
Following are the signs and symptoms of drug addiction
You’ve built up a drug tolerance. You need to use more of the drug to experience the same affects you used to with smaller amounts.
You take drugs to avoid or relieve withdrawal symptoms. If you go too long without drugs, you experience symptoms such as nausea, restlessness, insomnia, depression, sweating, shaking, and anxiety.
You’ve lost control over your drug use. You often do drugs or use more than you planned, even though you told yourself you wouldn’t. You may want to stop using, but you feel powerless.
Your life revolves around drug use. You spend a lot of time using and thinking about drugs, figuring out how to get them, and recovering from the drug’s effects.
You’ve abandoned activities you used to enjoy, such as hobbies, sports, and socializing, because of your drug use.
You continue to use drugs, despite knowing it’s hurting you. It’s causing major problems in your life blackouts, infections, mood swings, depression, paranoia but you use anyway.
The risk periods for drug abuse among children
When young adults leave home for college or work and are on their own for the first time, their risk for drug and alcohol abuse is very high. Consequently, young adult interventions are needed as well.
Scientists have proposed various explanations of why some individuals become involved with drugs and then escalate to abuse. One explanation points to a biological cause, such as having a family history of drug or alcohol abuse. Another explanation is that abusing drugs can lead to affiliation with drug-abusing peers, which, in turn, exposes the individual to other drugs.
Children who are poor academic achievers are more likely to begin using drugs early and to become regular smokers, drinkers and drug users than are their more successful classmates.
Adolescents who are bored by schoolwork and disinterested in academic achievement are much more likely to become drug involved than those who are more academically oriented. For example, cocaine use is less common among teenagers with college plans than those who do not plan for higher education.
Children who feel "at odds," strongly rebellious against adult authority, and alienated from the dominant social values of their community, are more likely to use alcohol and other drugs than those with strong bonds to family and to traditional religious or ethical institutions.
Early antisocial behaviour, evidence of a lack of social responsibility, fighting and other types of aggressive behaviour are predictive of later alcohol and other drug use.
The earlier a child begins to smoke, drink or use other drugs, the greater the likelihood of heavy drug use, beginning with alcohol and tobacco. Young people who smoke and drink are more likely to use marijuana than those who avoid tobacco and alcohol.
Wednesday, March 23, 2011
kidnapping
Kidnapping
The crime of taking a person against their will, sometimes for ransom.
The unlawful act of capturing and carrying away a person against their will and holding them in false imprisonment.
Kidnapping is the taking away or transportation of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority.
Kidnapping can also take place in the case of deprogramming, a now rare practice to convince someone to give up his commitment to a new religious movement that the deprogrammer considers harmful.
In criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment (confinement without legal authority) for ransom or in furtherance of another crime.
The kidnappers, who can be very erratic, have been found to engage in the criminality for several complex motives ranging from unemployment, idleness, retribution, rituals, monetary gains and political reasons.
Kidnapping of a child is often called child stealing (the word "kidnapping" was originally "kid nabbing", in other words slang for "child stealing"). This can refer to children being taken away without their parents' consent, but with the child's consent.
Kidnapping is a problem in some regions of the world where roving gangs snatch people, especially tourists, and hold them for ransom pay-outs. In these regions, extreme poverty and the inability to find work may drive people to committing crimes in order to make a living, and kidnapping can also be used as a tool by rival political groups and gangs. It also occurs in the context of child custody disputes, when a parent who does not have custody takes a child. Even if the child is consenting, it is deemed kidnapping because the parent with custody does not consent.
According to the Black's Law Dictionary, the crime of kidnapping is labelled abduction when the victim is a woman. In modern usage, kidnapping of a child is often called "child stealing", especially when not done to collect a ransom.
In Criminal Law, kidnapping is the taking away of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment or a confinement without legal authority. This is often done for ransom or in furtherance of another crime.
Take away to an undisclosed location against their will and usually in order to extract a ransom.
Kidnapping is an unlawful act or an instance of taking a person without consent, by force or fraud. Kidnappings can occur by family members, as well as strangers.
Kidnapping is an unlawful act or an instance of taking a person without consent, by force or fraud. Kidnappings can occur by family members, as well as strangers.
To kidnap someone means to take them and hold them against their will. Usually, it's for extortion, i.e.: money.
Kidnapping can be a state or federal offense depending upon the circumstances:
The crime of taking a person against their will, sometimes for ransom.
The unlawful act of capturing and carrying away a person against their will and holding them in false imprisonment.
Kidnapping is the taking away or transportation of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment, a confinement without legal authority.
Kidnapping can also take place in the case of deprogramming, a now rare practice to convince someone to give up his commitment to a new religious movement that the deprogrammer considers harmful.
In criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment (confinement without legal authority) for ransom or in furtherance of another crime.
The kidnappers, who can be very erratic, have been found to engage in the criminality for several complex motives ranging from unemployment, idleness, retribution, rituals, monetary gains and political reasons.
Kidnapping of a child is often called child stealing (the word "kidnapping" was originally "kid nabbing", in other words slang for "child stealing"). This can refer to children being taken away without their parents' consent, but with the child's consent.
Kidnapping is a problem in some regions of the world where roving gangs snatch people, especially tourists, and hold them for ransom pay-outs. In these regions, extreme poverty and the inability to find work may drive people to committing crimes in order to make a living, and kidnapping can also be used as a tool by rival political groups and gangs. It also occurs in the context of child custody disputes, when a parent who does not have custody takes a child. Even if the child is consenting, it is deemed kidnapping because the parent with custody does not consent.
According to the Black's Law Dictionary, the crime of kidnapping is labelled abduction when the victim is a woman. In modern usage, kidnapping of a child is often called "child stealing", especially when not done to collect a ransom.
In Criminal Law, kidnapping is the taking away of a person against the person's will, usually to hold the person in false imprisonment or a confinement without legal authority. This is often done for ransom or in furtherance of another crime.
Take away to an undisclosed location against their will and usually in order to extract a ransom.
Kidnapping is an unlawful act or an instance of taking a person without consent, by force or fraud. Kidnappings can occur by family members, as well as strangers.
Kidnapping is an unlawful act or an instance of taking a person without consent, by force or fraud. Kidnappings can occur by family members, as well as strangers.
To kidnap someone means to take them and hold them against their will. Usually, it's for extortion, i.e.: money.
Kidnapping can be a state or federal offense depending upon the circumstances:
Deforestation
Deforestation
The removal of trees.
The process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else, especially by an agricultural system.
The complete destruction and total clearing of all forests within a region
To destroy or to fell all the trees of a forest
Deforestation is the clearance of naturally occurring forests by logging and burning
The state of being clear of trees
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as a commodity, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on bio sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.
Deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of rainforest or related ecosystems into less bio-diverse ecosystems such as pasture, cropland, or plantations.
Deforestation refers to the loss or destruction of naturally occurring forests, primarily due to human activities such as logging, cutting trees for fuel, slash-and-burn agriculture, clearing land for livestock grazing, mining operations, oil extraction, dam building, and urban sprawl or other types of development and population expansion.
Not all deforestation is intentional. Some deforestation may be driven by a combination of natural processes and human interests. Wildfires burn large sections of forest every year, for example, and although fire is a natural part of the forest lifecycle, subsequent overgrazing by livestock or wildlife after a fire can prevent the growth of young trees.
Deforestation in those regions wipes out critical habitat, disrupts ecosystems and leads to the potential extinction of many species, including irreplaceable species that could be used to make medicines, which might be essential for cures or effective treatments of the world's most devastating diseases.
Deforestation also contributes to tropical deforestation accounts for about 20 percent of all greenhouse gases and has a significant impact on the global economy. While some people may receive immediate economic benefits from activities that result in deforestation, those short-term gains cannot offset the negative long-term economic losses.
Deforestation is people cutting down whole forests of trees, and making it even less likely for humans to survive. Trees supply oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide, and hold down the soil from washing away or making landslides.
The destruction and cutting down of forests is often done to clear land for farming, mining, roads, and grazing of cattle. That causes increased atmospheric levels, a factor in global warming.
Deforestation has many negative effects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.
Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of young trees.
Deforestation also drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor back into the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly become barren deserts.
Forests are cut down for many reasons, but most of them are related to money or to people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing livestock. Often many small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn” agriculture.
The removal of trees.
The process of destroying a forest and replacing it with something else, especially by an agricultural system.
The complete destruction and total clearing of all forests within a region
To destroy or to fell all the trees of a forest
Deforestation is the clearance of naturally occurring forests by logging and burning
The state of being clear of trees
Deforestation occurs for many reasons: trees or derived charcoal are used as, or sold, for fuel or as a commodity, while cleared land is used as pasture for livestock, plantations of commodities, and settlements. The removal of trees without sufficient reforestation has resulted in damage to habitat, biodiversity loss and aridity. It has adverse impacts on bio sequestration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Deforested regions typically incur significant adverse soil erosion and frequently degrade into wasteland.
Deforestation refers to the cutting, clearing, and removal of rainforest or related ecosystems into less bio-diverse ecosystems such as pasture, cropland, or plantations.
Deforestation refers to the loss or destruction of naturally occurring forests, primarily due to human activities such as logging, cutting trees for fuel, slash-and-burn agriculture, clearing land for livestock grazing, mining operations, oil extraction, dam building, and urban sprawl or other types of development and population expansion.
Not all deforestation is intentional. Some deforestation may be driven by a combination of natural processes and human interests. Wildfires burn large sections of forest every year, for example, and although fire is a natural part of the forest lifecycle, subsequent overgrazing by livestock or wildlife after a fire can prevent the growth of young trees.
Deforestation in those regions wipes out critical habitat, disrupts ecosystems and leads to the potential extinction of many species, including irreplaceable species that could be used to make medicines, which might be essential for cures or effective treatments of the world's most devastating diseases.
Deforestation also contributes to tropical deforestation accounts for about 20 percent of all greenhouse gases and has a significant impact on the global economy. While some people may receive immediate economic benefits from activities that result in deforestation, those short-term gains cannot offset the negative long-term economic losses.
Deforestation is people cutting down whole forests of trees, and making it even less likely for humans to survive. Trees supply oxygen, absorb carbon dioxide, and hold down the soil from washing away or making landslides.
The destruction and cutting down of forests is often done to clear land for farming, mining, roads, and grazing of cattle. That causes increased atmospheric levels, a factor in global warming.
Deforestation has many negative effects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.
Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of young trees.
Deforestation also drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun-blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by returning water vapor back into the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former forest lands can quickly become barren deserts.
Forests are cut down for many reasons, but most of them are related to money or to people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing livestock. Often many small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn” agriculture.
crime
Crime
Crime is an illegal (or unlawful) act.
Crimes are punished according to their seriousness. More serious crimes are given harsher penalties.
Individual human societies may define crime and crimes differently. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as offences or as "infractions". Modern societies generally regard crimes as offences against the public or the state, distinguished from torts (offences against private parties that can give rise to a civil cause of action).
A serious offense, especially one in violation of morality.
An unjust, senseless, or disgraceful act or condition.
A person who has been found guilty of a crime.
An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction.
An act or omission prohibited and punished by law.
A crime is an offence against a public law. This word, in its most general sense, includes all offences, but in its more limited sense is confined to felony.
Crimes are defined and punished by statutes and by the common law. Most common law offences are as well-known and as precisely ascertained as those which are defined by statutes; yet, from the difficulty of exactly defining and describing every act which ought to be punished, the vital and preserving principle has been adopted; that all immoral acts which tend to the prejudice of the community are punishable by courts of justice.
Any violation of law, either divine or human; an omission of a duty commanded, or the commission of an act forbidden by law.
Crime is an illegal (or unlawful) act.
Crimes are punished according to their seriousness. More serious crimes are given harsher penalties.
Individual human societies may define crime and crimes differently. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as offences or as "infractions". Modern societies generally regard crimes as offences against the public or the state, distinguished from torts (offences against private parties that can give rise to a civil cause of action).
A serious offense, especially one in violation of morality.
An unjust, senseless, or disgraceful act or condition.
A person who has been found guilty of a crime.
An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction.
An act or omission prohibited and punished by law.
A crime is an offence against a public law. This word, in its most general sense, includes all offences, but in its more limited sense is confined to felony.
Crimes are defined and punished by statutes and by the common law. Most common law offences are as well-known and as precisely ascertained as those which are defined by statutes; yet, from the difficulty of exactly defining and describing every act which ought to be punished, the vital and preserving principle has been adopted; that all immoral acts which tend to the prejudice of the community are punishable by courts of justice.
Any violation of law, either divine or human; an omission of a duty commanded, or the commission of an act forbidden by law.
culture
Culture
Culture describes the many ways in which human beings express themselves for the purposes of uniting with others, forming a group, defining an identity, and even for distinguishing themselves as unique.
The way of life of a people, including their attitudes, values, beliefs, arts, sciences, modes of perception, and habits of thought and activity. Cultural features of forms of life are learned but are often too pervasive to be readily noticed from within.
Culture has been taken as constituting the way of life of an entire society, including the codes of manners, language, rituals, norms of behaviour, and systems of belief. Sociologists stress the importance of culture in determining human behaviour.
Cultural differences are different beliefs and values of a particular group. They are different from one another.
All cultures are known to have a set of beliefs that defines the code of conduct and values for that particular culture. People living together in a society share the same culture.
The cultural values of a community give it an identity of its own. A community gains a character and a personality of its own, because of the culture of its people. Culture is shared by the members of a community. It is learned and passed from the older generations to the newer ones. For an effective transfer of culture from one generation to another, it has to be translated into symbols. Language, art and religion serve as the symbolic means of transfer of cultural values between generations.
Culture is a bond that ties the people of a region or community together. It is that one common bond, which brings the people of a community together. The customs and traditions that the people of a community follow, the festivals they celebrate, the kind of clothing they wear, the food they eat, and most importantly, the cultural values they adhere to, bind them together.
Culture is seen as a system of social control, wherein people shape their standards and behaviour. The cultural values form the founding principles of one’s life. They influence one’s principles and philosophies of life. They influence one’s way of living and thus impact social life.
Culture is a defining feature of a person's identity, contributing to how they see themselves and the groups with which they identify. Culture may be broadly defined as the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings, which is transmitted from one generation to another. Every community, cultural group or ethnic group has its own values, beliefs and ways of living.
Culture describes the many ways in which human beings express themselves for the purposes of uniting with others, forming a group, defining an identity, and even for distinguishing themselves as unique.
The way of life of a people, including their attitudes, values, beliefs, arts, sciences, modes of perception, and habits of thought and activity. Cultural features of forms of life are learned but are often too pervasive to be readily noticed from within.
Culture has been taken as constituting the way of life of an entire society, including the codes of manners, language, rituals, norms of behaviour, and systems of belief. Sociologists stress the importance of culture in determining human behaviour.
Cultural differences are different beliefs and values of a particular group. They are different from one another.
All cultures are known to have a set of beliefs that defines the code of conduct and values for that particular culture. People living together in a society share the same culture.
The cultural values of a community give it an identity of its own. A community gains a character and a personality of its own, because of the culture of its people. Culture is shared by the members of a community. It is learned and passed from the older generations to the newer ones. For an effective transfer of culture from one generation to another, it has to be translated into symbols. Language, art and religion serve as the symbolic means of transfer of cultural values between generations.
Culture is a bond that ties the people of a region or community together. It is that one common bond, which brings the people of a community together. The customs and traditions that the people of a community follow, the festivals they celebrate, the kind of clothing they wear, the food they eat, and most importantly, the cultural values they adhere to, bind them together.
Culture is seen as a system of social control, wherein people shape their standards and behaviour. The cultural values form the founding principles of one’s life. They influence one’s principles and philosophies of life. They influence one’s way of living and thus impact social life.
Culture is a defining feature of a person's identity, contributing to how they see themselves and the groups with which they identify. Culture may be broadly defined as the sum total of ways of living built up by a group of human beings, which is transmitted from one generation to another. Every community, cultural group or ethnic group has its own values, beliefs and ways of living.
constitution
Constitution
A constitution' is a set of rules for government often codified as a written document that enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity. The actor process of setting something up, or establishing something. The formal or informal system of primary principles and laws that regulates a government or other institutions.
A constitution is a set of laws that a set of people have made and agreed upon for government often codified as a written document that enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity. In the case of countries and autonomous regions of federal countries the term refers specifically to a constitution defining the fundamental political principles, and establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of a government. By limiting the government's own reach, most constitution’s guarantee certain law rights to the people. The term constitution can be applied to any overall system of that defines the functioning of a government, including several uncodified historical constitutions that existed before the development of modern codified constitutions.
Constitution is the whole body of fundamental rules that govern every society to carry and exercised their duties accordingly. Constitution is the supreme command of the sovereign authority. Constitution is a set of rules or laws, written or on-written which determine the organization of government. Constitution is a body or set of fundamental rules which governan the conduct of people within the society.
Constitutional law is the law prescribing the exercise of power by the official bodies of a nation state. A Constitution explains which organs can exercise legislative power (making new laws), executive power (implementing the laws) and judicial power (adjudicating disputes), and what the limitations on those powers.
A constitution' is a set of rules for government often codified as a written document that enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity. The actor process of setting something up, or establishing something. The formal or informal system of primary principles and laws that regulates a government or other institutions.
A constitution is a set of laws that a set of people have made and agreed upon for government often codified as a written document that enumerates and limits the powers and functions of a political entity. In the case of countries and autonomous regions of federal countries the term refers specifically to a constitution defining the fundamental political principles, and establishing the structure, procedures, powers and duties, of a government. By limiting the government's own reach, most constitution’s guarantee certain law rights to the people. The term constitution can be applied to any overall system of that defines the functioning of a government, including several uncodified historical constitutions that existed before the development of modern codified constitutions.
Constitution is the whole body of fundamental rules that govern every society to carry and exercised their duties accordingly. Constitution is the supreme command of the sovereign authority. Constitution is a set of rules or laws, written or on-written which determine the organization of government. Constitution is a body or set of fundamental rules which governan the conduct of people within the society.
Constitutional law is the law prescribing the exercise of power by the official bodies of a nation state. A Constitution explains which organs can exercise legislative power (making new laws), executive power (implementing the laws) and judicial power (adjudicating disputes), and what the limitations on those powers.
child marriage
Child Marriage
Marriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. People marry for many reasons, including one or more of the following: legal, social, emotional, economical, spiritual, and religious. These might include arranged marriages, family obligations, the legal establishment of a nuclear family unit, the legal protection of children and public declaration of commitment.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (among other charters and conventions) all directly or indirectly forbid the degrading and mistreatment of girls inherent in child marriage.
Nevertheless, child marriage is common in many parts of the world, claiming millions of victims annually and hundreds of thousands of injuries or death resulting from abuse or complications from pregnancy and childbirth.
Child marriage in Nepal is not a new phenomenon. It is a socially established practice that has been carried on from generation to generation. Religion has sanctioned it, and society has ensured its continuity.
Child marriage was usually understood to mean the marriage of two children, but it also included unmatched marriages. The highly gender discriminative Hindu marriage law permitted the marriage of a very young girl and a very old man. The Hindu puritans also gave full sexual freedom to the men: they could marry as many wives they wanted for pleasure and child rearing, but were very strict with women. And that gave rise to the custom of “sati”, in which a woman, even if she were very young and with child, had to be burnt alive along with her husband’s dead body. The sati custom was prevalent in Nepali society up to the end of 19th century. It was later outlawed.
Child marriage is a gross violation of child’s rights; it robs children of their childhood, hinders their growing up process and forces them into the dark abyss of an uncertain future. Since most of the victims of this practice are girl children, it is they who suffer most from the devastating effects of this evil practice.
Marriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. People marry for many reasons, including one or more of the following: legal, social, emotional, economical, spiritual, and religious. These might include arranged marriages, family obligations, the legal establishment of a nuclear family unit, the legal protection of children and public declaration of commitment.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (among other charters and conventions) all directly or indirectly forbid the degrading and mistreatment of girls inherent in child marriage.
Nevertheless, child marriage is common in many parts of the world, claiming millions of victims annually and hundreds of thousands of injuries or death resulting from abuse or complications from pregnancy and childbirth.
Child marriage in Nepal is not a new phenomenon. It is a socially established practice that has been carried on from generation to generation. Religion has sanctioned it, and society has ensured its continuity.
Child marriage was usually understood to mean the marriage of two children, but it also included unmatched marriages. The highly gender discriminative Hindu marriage law permitted the marriage of a very young girl and a very old man. The Hindu puritans also gave full sexual freedom to the men: they could marry as many wives they wanted for pleasure and child rearing, but were very strict with women. And that gave rise to the custom of “sati”, in which a woman, even if she were very young and with child, had to be burnt alive along with her husband’s dead body. The sati custom was prevalent in Nepali society up to the end of 19th century. It was later outlawed.
Child marriage is a gross violation of child’s rights; it robs children of their childhood, hinders their growing up process and forces them into the dark abyss of an uncertain future. Since most of the victims of this practice are girl children, it is they who suffer most from the devastating effects of this evil practice.
child abortion
Child abortion
The word "abortion" comes from the Latin root aboriri (ab = "off the mark," oriri = "to be born or rise"). Until the 19th century, both miscarriages and intentional terminations of pregnancies were referred to as abortions.
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced, in humans and other species. ...
Many religious traditions have taken a stance on abortion, and these stances span a broad spectrum from acceptance to rejection.
Abortion means ending a pregnancy early. In some cases, a woman’s pregnancy ends on its own. This is called a miscarriage, or a spontaneous abortion. In other cases, a woman chooses to end her pregnancy by taking medicine (called medical abortion) or having surgery (called surgical abortion). These 2 types of abortion are usually done in the first trimester (the first 3 months of the pregnancy). They are done by a doctor and other health care professionals in a hospital, doctor’s office or health centre.
Death of an unborn fetus.
Termination of pregnancy induced for medical reasons or because of an elective decision to end the pregnancy
Abortion is a termination of pregnancy
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced, in humans and other species. In the context of human pregnancies, an abortion induced to preserve the health of the gravida (pregnant female) is termed a therapeutic abortion, while an abortion induced for any other reason is termed an elective abortion. The term abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages.
Worldwide 42 million abortions are estimated to take place annually with 22 million of these occurring safely and 20 million unsafely. While maternal mortality seldom results from safe abortions, unsafe abortions result in 70,000 deaths and 5 million disabilities per year. One of the main determinants of the availability of safe abortions is the legality of the procedure. Forty percent of the world's women are able to access therapeutic and elective abortions within gestational limits. The frequency of abortions is, however, similar whether or not access is restricted.
The word "abortion" comes from the Latin root aboriri (ab = "off the mark," oriri = "to be born or rise"). Until the 19th century, both miscarriages and intentional terminations of pregnancies were referred to as abortions.
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced, in humans and other species. ...
Many religious traditions have taken a stance on abortion, and these stances span a broad spectrum from acceptance to rejection.
Abortion means ending a pregnancy early. In some cases, a woman’s pregnancy ends on its own. This is called a miscarriage, or a spontaneous abortion. In other cases, a woman chooses to end her pregnancy by taking medicine (called medical abortion) or having surgery (called surgical abortion). These 2 types of abortion are usually done in the first trimester (the first 3 months of the pregnancy). They are done by a doctor and other health care professionals in a hospital, doctor’s office or health centre.
Death of an unborn fetus.
Termination of pregnancy induced for medical reasons or because of an elective decision to end the pregnancy
Abortion is a termination of pregnancy
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo, resulting in or caused by its death. An abortion can occur spontaneously due to complications during pregnancy or can be induced, in humans and other species. In the context of human pregnancies, an abortion induced to preserve the health of the gravida (pregnant female) is termed a therapeutic abortion, while an abortion induced for any other reason is termed an elective abortion. The term abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy, while spontaneous abortions are usually termed miscarriages.
Worldwide 42 million abortions are estimated to take place annually with 22 million of these occurring safely and 20 million unsafely. While maternal mortality seldom results from safe abortions, unsafe abortions result in 70,000 deaths and 5 million disabilities per year. One of the main determinants of the availability of safe abortions is the legality of the procedure. Forty percent of the world's women are able to access therapeutic and elective abortions within gestational limits. The frequency of abortions is, however, similar whether or not access is restricted.
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) (also known as External Dispute Resolution in some countries, such as Australia) includes dispute resolution processes and techniques that fall outside of the government judicial process. ...
"Alternative dispute resolution" (ADR) is a term generally used to refer to informal dispute resolution processes in which the parties meet with a professional third party who helps them resolve their dispute in a way that is less formal and often more consensual than is done in the courts. While the most common forms of ADR are mediation and arbitration, there are many other forms: judicial settlement conferences, fact-finding, ombudsmen, special masters, etc. Though often voluntary, ADR is sometimes mandated by the courts, which require that disputants try mediation before they take their case to court.
ADR is being increasingly acknowledged in the field of law and commercial sectors both at disputes at their own terms cheaply and expeditiously.
Alternate Dispute Resolution is rapidly developing at national and international level, offering simpler methods of resolving disputes. Increasing trend of ADR services can easily be inferred from the growth of “Arbitration clause” in majority of contracts. There has been a significant growth in number of law school courses, diplomas, seminars, etc. focusing on alternate dispute resolution and rationalizing its effectualness in processing wide range of dispute in society.
ADR is any process used to resolve disputes which is not considered part of the more formal or traditional methods of resolving disputes such as court adjudication. ...
A body of dispute resolution techniques which avoid the inflexibility of litigation and arbitration, and focus instead on enabling the parties to achieve a better or similar result, with the minimum of direct and indirect cost.
A way to resolve disputes outside of the traditional state or federal court systems. Arbitration and mediation are two widely used ADR processes.
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